Record Information |
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Version | 5.0 |
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Status | Detected and Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC |
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Update Date | 2022-03-07 02:49:09 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0001348 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | - HMDB0012099
- HMDB0062559
- HMDB01348
- HMDB12099
- HMDB62559
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | SM(d18:1/18:0) |
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Description | Sphingomyelin (d18:1/18:0) or SM(d18:1/18:0) is a type of sphingolipid found in animal cell membranes, especially in the membranous myelin sheath which surrounds some nerve cell axons. It usually consists of phosphorylcholine and ceramide. SM(d18:1/18:0) consists of a sphingosine backbone and a stearic acid chain. In humans, sphingomyelin is the only membrane phospholipid not derived from glycerol. Like all sphingolipids, SM has a ceramide core (sphingosine bonded to a fatty acid via an amide linkage). In addition, it contains one polar head group, which is either phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine. The plasma membrane of cells is highly enriched in sphingomyelin and is considered largely to be found in the exoplasmic leaflet of the cell membrane. However, there is some evidence that there may also be a sphingomyelin pool in the inner leaflet of the membrane. Moreover, neutral sphingomyelinase-2, an enzyme that breaks down sphingomyelin into ceramide, has been found to localize exclusively to the inner leaflet further suggesting that there may be sphingomyelin present there. Sphingomyelin can accumulate in a rare hereditary disease called Niemann-Pick Disease, types A and B. Niemann-Pick disease is a genetically-inherited disease caused by a deficiency in the enzyme sphingomyelinase, which causes the accumulation of sphingomyelin in spleen, liver, lungs, bone marrow, and the brain, causing irreversible neurological damage. SMs play a role in signal transduction. Sphingomyelins are synthesized by the transfer of phosphorylcholine from phosphatidylcholine to a ceramide in a reaction catalyzed by sphingomyelin synthase. |
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Structure | [H][C@@](COP([O-])(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C)(NC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)[C@H](O)\C=C\CCCCCCCCCCCCC InChI=1S/C41H83N2O6P/c1-6-8-10-12-14-16-18-20-21-23-25-27-29-31-33-35-41(45)42-39(38-49-50(46,47)48-37-36-43(3,4)5)40(44)34-32-30-28-26-24-22-19-17-15-13-11-9-7-2/h32,34,39-40,44H,6-31,33,35-38H2,1-5H3,(H-,42,45,46,47)/b34-32+/t39-,40+/m0/s1 |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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(2S,3R,4E)-3-Hydroxy-2-(stearoylamino)octadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate | ChEBI | 2,3-(N-Steroylsphingosyl)-1-phosphocholine | ChEBI | 2,3-SPPC | ChEBI | C18 Sphingomyelin | ChEBI | N-(Octadecanoyl)-sphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine | ChEBI | N-Octadecanoylsphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine | ChEBI | N-Octadecanoylsphingosine-1-phosphocholine | ChEBI | N-Stearoylsphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine | ChEBI | Sphingomyelin (D18:1/18:0) | ChEBI | Stearoyl sphingomyelin | ChEBI | (2S,3R,4E)-3-Hydroxy-2-(stearoylamino)octadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphoric acid | Generator | C18-Sphingomyelin | HMDB | N-Stearoyl-D-erythro-sphingosylphosphorylcholine | HMDB | N-Stearoylsphingomyelin | HMDB | N-Stearoylsphingosine-1-phosphocholine | HMDB | Sphingomyelin 18:0 | HMDB | Stearoylsphingomyelin | HMDB | Sphingomyelin | MetBuilder | N-(Octadecanoyl)-1-phosphocholine-sphing-4-enine | MetBuilder | Sphingomyelin(D18:1/18:0) | MetBuilder | N-(Octadecanoyl)-1-phosphocholine-sphingosine | MetBuilder | N-(Octadecanoyl)-1-phosphocholine-D-erythro-sphingosine | MetBuilder | N-(Octadecanoyl)-1-phosphocholine-4-sphingenine | MetBuilder | N-(Octadecanoyl)-1-phosphocholine-D-sphingosine | MetBuilder | N-(Octadecanoyl)-1-phosphocholine-sphingenine | MetBuilder | N-(Octadecanoyl)-1-phosphocholine-erythro-4-sphingenine | MetBuilder | SM(D18:1/18:0) | HMDB, ChEBI |
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Chemical Formula | C41H83N2O6P |
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Average Molecular Weight | 731.097 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 730.598875399 |
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IUPAC Name | (2-{[(2S,3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-2-octadecanamidooctadec-4-en-1-yl phosphono]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium |
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Traditional Name | (2-{[(2S,3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-2-octadecanamidooctadec-4-en-1-yl phosphono]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium |
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CAS Registry Number | 58909-84-5 |
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SMILES | [H][C@@](COP([O-])(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C)(NC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)[C@H](O)\C=C\CCCCCCCCCCCCC |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C41H83N2O6P/c1-6-8-10-12-14-16-18-20-21-23-25-27-29-31-33-35-41(45)42-39(38-49-50(46,47)48-37-36-43(3,4)5)40(44)34-32-30-28-26-24-22-19-17-15-13-11-9-7-2/h32,34,39-40,44H,6-31,33,35-38H2,1-5H3,(H-,42,45,46,47)/b34-32+/t39-,40+/m0/s1 |
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InChI Key | LKQLRGMMMAHREN-YJFXYUILSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phosphosphingolipids. These are sphingolipids with a structure based on a sphingoid base that is attached to a phosphate head group. They differ from phosphonospingolipids which have a phosphonate head group. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Lipids and lipid-like molecules |
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Class | Sphingolipids |
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Sub Class | Phosphosphingolipids |
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Direct Parent | Phosphosphingolipids |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Sphingoid-1-phosphate or derivatives
- Phosphocholine
- Phosphoethanolamine
- Dialkyl phosphate
- Fatty amide
- N-acyl-amine
- Organic phosphoric acid derivative
- Phosphoric acid ester
- Fatty acyl
- Alkyl phosphate
- Tetraalkylammonium salt
- Quaternary ammonium salt
- Secondary carboxylic acid amide
- Secondary alcohol
- Carboxamide group
- Carboxylic acid derivative
- Organic zwitterion
- Alcohol
- Organic oxide
- Organooxygen compound
- Organonitrogen compound
- Organopnictogen compound
- Organic oxygen compound
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Carbonyl group
- Amine
- Organic salt
- Aliphatic acyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic acyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | Not Available |
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Disposition | Not Available |
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Process | Not Available |
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Role | Not Available |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Molecular Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | Not Available | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | Not Available | Not Available | LogP | Not Available | Not Available |
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Experimental Chromatographic Properties | Not Available |
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Predicted Molecular Properties | |
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Predicted Chromatographic Properties | Predicted Collision Cross SectionsPredicted Kovats Retention IndicesUnderivatizedDerivatized |
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Spectra |
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| GC-MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - SM(d18:1/18:0) GC-MS (TMS_1_1) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-18 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - SM(d18:1/18:0) GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-18 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - SM(d18:1/18:0) GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-18 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - SM(d18:1/18:0) GC-MS (TBDMS_1_2) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-18 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
MS/MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - SM(d18:1/18:0) Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-001i-0200000900-e97fc8b60f9884266fe8 | 2019-12-17 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - SM(d18:1/18:0) Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-001i-0900000000-6e6f0a8e64b4641256a7 | 2019-12-17 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - SM(d18:1/18:0) Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-001i-0900000000-57c2d6df417e54414b35 | 2019-12-17 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - SM(d18:1/18:0) 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0udi-0000011900-2e17d386a09bab10148a | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - SM(d18:1/18:0) 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0ur0-0000092900-e017aa7fd289fad1a8bf | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - SM(d18:1/18:0) 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-00di-0000091100-323c52a44d4be0c1b88d | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - SM(d18:1/18:0) 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-001i-0600000900-3875b4498c76a7f087f1 | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - SM(d18:1/18:0) 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-001i-0600000900-3875b4498c76a7f087f1 | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - SM(d18:1/18:0) 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-001i-0900000300-7545f6efae8c805dfd03 | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - SM(d18:1/18:0) 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-004i-0000000900-ccbe9989e1fd1bcbc5c2 | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - SM(d18:1/18:0) 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-004i-1000003900-4b219d95c1d4c60a26f3 | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - SM(d18:1/18:0) 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-004i-9100000000-8dc48fcf83a790417b6b | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - SM(d18:1/18:0) 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-000i-0000011900-3c5bfe1569948d5a9163 | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - SM(d18:1/18:0) 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0ue0-0000092900-22361e6fb4d808e61d7c | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - SM(d18:1/18:0) 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0udi-0000091100-e540baeeed6b4bfc12e3 | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
NMR SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Experimental 2D NMR | [1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, CD3OD, experimental) | 2019-12-17 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
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Biological Properties |
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Cellular Locations | |
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Biospecimen Locations | - Blood
- Breast Milk
- Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
- Feces
- Saliva
- Urine
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Tissue Locations | - Brain
- Erythrocyte
- Liver
- Placenta
- Spleen
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Pathways | |
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Normal Concentrations |
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Blood | Detected and Quantified | 6.90-38.0 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 1364 +/- 106 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 22.3 (18.6-25.8) uM | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Not Available | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 298.0 +/- 24.0 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 16.2 +/- 0.4 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 25.1 (21-30.9) uM | Infant (0-1 year old) | Not Available | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 1145 +/- 67 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Breast Milk | Detected and Quantified | 124 +/- 9 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 0.340 +/- 0.154 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected and Quantified | 2.72 +/- 4.45 nmol/g wet feces | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected and Quantified | 5.59 +/- 8.68 nmol/g wet feces | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 0.121 +/- 0.035 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.0024 (0.0011-0.007) umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.006 +/- 0.0144 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details |
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Abnormal Concentrations |
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Blood | Detected and Quantified | 19.6 +/- 5.3 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Obesity | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 20.5 +/- 5.8 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Obesity | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal cancer | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.0028 +/- 0.0047 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Not Specified | Eosinophilic esophagitis | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.0037 +/- 0.0062 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Not Specified | Gastroesophageal reflux disease | | details |
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Associated Disorders and Diseases |
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Disease References | Obesity |
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- Simone Wahl, Christina Holzapfel, Zhonghao Yu, Michaela Breier, Ivan Kondofersky, Christiane Fuchs, Paula Singmann, Cornelia Prehn, Jerzy Adamski, Harald Grallert, Thomas Illig, Rui Wang-Sattler, Thomas Reinehr (2013). Metabolomics reveals determinants of weight loss during lifestyle intervention in obese children. Metabolomics.
| Colorectal cancer |
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- Goedert JJ, Sampson JN, Moore SC, Xiao Q, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Ahn J, Shi J, Sinha R: Fecal metabolomics: assay performance and association with colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014 Sep;35(9):2089-96. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgu131. Epub 2014 Jul 18. [PubMed:25037050 ]
| Eosinophilic esophagitis |
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- Slae, M., Huynh, H., Wishart, D.S. (2014). Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work). NA.
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Associated OMIM IDs | |
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External Links |
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DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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Phenol Explorer Compound ID | Not Available |
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FooDB ID | FDB022570 |
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KNApSAcK ID | Not Available |
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Chemspider ID | 4956085 |
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KEGG Compound ID | Not Available |
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BioCyc ID | Not Available |
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BiGG ID | Not Available |
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Wikipedia Link | Not Available |
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METLIN ID | Not Available |
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PubChem Compound | 6453725 |
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PDB ID | Not Available |
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ChEBI ID | 83358 |
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Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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VMH ID | Not Available |
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MarkerDB ID | Not Available |
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Good Scents ID | Not Available |
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References |
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Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Download (PDF) |
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General References | - Haughey NJ, Cutler RG, Tamara A, McArthur JC, Vargas DL, Pardo CA, Turchan J, Nath A, Mattson MP: Perturbation of sphingolipid metabolism and ceramide production in HIV-dementia. Ann Neurol. 2004 Feb;55(2):257-67. [PubMed:14755730 ]
- Harzer K, Massenkeil G, Frohlich E: Concurrent increase of cholesterol, sphingomyelin and glucosylceramide in the spleen from non-neurologic Niemann-Pick type C patients but also patients possibly affected with other lipid trafficking disorders. FEBS Lett. 2003 Feb 27;537(1-3):177-81. [PubMed:12606053 ]
- He X, Chen F, McGovern MM, Schuchman EH: A fluorescence-based, high-throughput sphingomyelin assay for the analysis of Niemann-Pick disease and other disorders of sphingomyelin metabolism. Anal Biochem. 2002 Jul 1;306(1):115-23. [PubMed:12069422 ]
- Reichl D, Sterchi JM: Human peripheral lymph lipoproteins are enriched in sphingomyelin. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1992 Jul 9;1127(1):28-32. [PubMed:1627631 ]
- Nelson JC, Jiang XC, Tabas I, Tall A, Shea S: Plasma sphingomyelin and subclinical atherosclerosis: findings from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Am J Epidemiol. 2006 May 15;163(10):903-12. Epub 2006 Apr 12. [PubMed:16611667 ]
- Chen H, Born E, Mathur SN, Johlin FC Jr, Field FJ: Sphingomyelin content of intestinal cell membranes regulates cholesterol absorption. Evidence for pancreatic and intestinal cell sphingomyelinase activity. Biochem J. 1992 Sep 15;286 ( Pt 3):771-7. [PubMed:1417735 ]
- Liu KZ, Mantsch HH: Simultaneous quantitation from infrared spectra of glucose concentrations, lactate concentrations, and lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios in amniotic fluid. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Mar;180(3 Pt 1):696-702. [PubMed:10076150 ]
- Horter MJ, Sondermann S, Reinecke H, Bogdanski J, Woltering A, Kerber S, Breithardt G, Assmann G, Von Eckardstein A: Associations of HDL phospholipids and paraoxonase activity with coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Acta Physiol Scand. 2002 Oct;176(2):123-30. [PubMed:12354172 ]
- Tanaka K, Nishizawa K, Yamamoto H, Naruto T, Izeki E, Taga T, Shimada M, Saeki Y: Analysis of very long-chain fatty acids and plasmalogen in the erythrocyte membrane: a simple method for the detection of peroxisomal disorders and discrimination between adrenoleukodystrophy and Zellweger syndrome. Neuropediatrics. 1990 Aug;21(3):119-23. [PubMed:2234315 ]
- Cribier S, Morrot G, Neumann JM, Devaux PF: Lateral diffusion of erythrocyte phospholipids in model membranes comparison between inner and outer leaflet components. Eur Biophys J. 1990;18(1):33-41. [PubMed:2155112 ]
- Nyberg L, Duan RD, Axelson J, Nilsson A: Identification of an alkaline sphingomyelinase activity in human bile. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1996 Mar 29;1300(1):42-8. [PubMed:8608160 ]
- Whitworth NS, Magann EF, Morrison JC: Evaluation of fetal lung maturity in diamniotic twins. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Jun;180(6 Pt 1):1438-41. [PubMed:10368484 ]
- de Oliveira JS, Zaharenko AJ, de Freitas JC, Konno K, de Andrade SA, Portaro FC, Richardson M, Sant'anna OA, Tambourgi DV: Caissarolysin I (Bcs I), a new hemolytic toxin from the Brazilian sea anemone Bunodosoma caissarum: purification and biological characterization. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006 Mar;1760(3):453-61. Epub 2006 Jan 17. [PubMed:16458433 ]
- Omarini LP, Frank-Burkhardt SE, Seemayer TA, Mentha G, Terrier F: Niemann-Pick disease type C: nodular splenomegaly. Abdom Imaging. 1995 Mar-Apr;20(2):157-60. [PubMed:7787722 ]
- Berna L, Asfaw B, Conzelmann E, Cerny B, Ledvinova J: Determination of urinary sulfatides and other lipids by combination of reversed-phase and thin-layer chromatographies. Anal Biochem. 1999 May 1;269(2):304-11. [PubMed:10222002 ]
- He X, Chen F, Gatt S, Schuchman EH: An enzymatic assay for quantifying sphingomyelin in tissues and plasma from humans and mice with Niemann-Pick disease. Anal Biochem. 2001 Jun 15;293(2):204-11. [PubMed:11399033 ]
- Feki NC, Therond P, Couturier M, Limea G, Legrand A, Jouannet P, Auger J: Human sperm lipid content is modified after migration into human cervical mucus. Mol Hum Reprod. 2004 Feb;10(2):137-42. [PubMed:14742699 ]
- Wang C, Yang J, Gao P, Lu X, Xu G: Identification of phospholipid structures in human blood by direct-injection quadrupole-linear ion-trap mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2005;19(17):2443-53. [PubMed:16059884 ]
- Otterbach B, Stoffel W: Acid sphingomyelinase-deficient mice mimic the neurovisceral form of human lysosomal storage disease (Niemann-Pick disease). Cell. 1995 Jun 30;81(7):1053-61. [PubMed:7600574 ]
- Fujiwaki T, Yamaguchi S, Tasaka M, Sakura N, Taketomi T: Application of delayed extraction-matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for analysis of sphingolipids in pericardial fluid, peritoneal fluid and serum from Gaucher disease patients. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2002 Aug 25;776(1):115-23. [PubMed:12127332 ]
- Simons K, Toomre D: Lipid rafts and signal transduction. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Oct;1(1):31-9. [PubMed:11413487 ]
- Watson AD: Thematic review series: systems biology approaches to metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Lipidomics: a global approach to lipid analysis in biological systems. J Lipid Res. 2006 Oct;47(10):2101-11. Epub 2006 Aug 10. [PubMed:16902246 ]
- Sethi JK, Vidal-Puig AJ: Thematic review series: adipocyte biology. Adipose tissue function and plasticity orchestrate nutritional adaptation. J Lipid Res. 2007 Jun;48(6):1253-62. Epub 2007 Mar 20. [PubMed:17374880 ]
- Lingwood D, Simons K: Lipid rafts as a membrane-organizing principle. Science. 2010 Jan 1;327(5961):46-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1174621. [PubMed:20044567 ]
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- Ghosh S, Strum JC, Bell RM: Lipid biochemistry: functions of glycerolipids and sphingolipids in cellular signaling. FASEB J. 1997 Jan;11(1):45-50. [PubMed:9034165 ]
- Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043. [PubMed:32033212 ]
- Cevc, Gregor (1993). Phospholipids Handbook. Marcel Dekker.
- Gunstone, Frank D., John L. Harwood, and Albert J. Dijkstra (2007). The lipid handbook with CD-ROM. CRC Press.
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