Record Information |
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Version | 5.0 |
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Status | Detected and Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC |
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Update Date | 2021-09-14 15:41:25 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0000145 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | - HMDB0004449
- HMDB00145
- HMDB04449
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | Estrone |
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Description | Estrone is a major mammalian estrogen. The conversion of the natural C19 steroids, testosterone and androstenedione into estrone is dependent on a complex key reaction catalyzed by the cytochrome P450 aromatase (EC 1.14.14.1, unspecific monooxygenase), which is expressed in many tissues of the adult human (e.g. ovary, fat tissue), but not in the liver. The ovaries after menopause continue to produce androstenedione and testosterone in significant amounts and these androgens are converted in fat, muscle, and skin into estrone. When women between the ages of 45 and 64 years have prophylactic oophorectomy (when hysterectomy is performed for benign disease to prevent the development of ovarian cancer), evidence suggests that oophorectomy increases the subsequent risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and osteoporosis. Whereas 14,000 women die of ovarian cancer every year nearly 490,000 women die of heart disease and 48,000 women die within 1 year after hip fracture. Therefore, the decision to perform prophylactic oophorectomy should be approached with great caution for the majority of women who are at low risk of developing ovarian cancer. Steroid sulfatase (EC 3.1.6.2, STS) hydrolyzes steroid sulfates, such as estrone sulfate to estrone which can be converted to steroids with potent estrogenic properties, that is, estradiol; STS activity is much higher in breast tumors and high levels of STS mRNA expression in tumors are associated with a poor prognosis. The biological roles of estrogens in tumorigenesis are certainly different between the endometrium and breast, although both are considered "estrogen-dependent tissues". 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (EC 1.1.1.62, 17-HSDs) are enzymes involved in the formation of active sex steroids. estrone is interconverted by two enzymes 17-HSD types. Type 1 converts estrone to estradiol and Type 2 catalyzes the reverse reaction. (PMID: 17653961 , 17513923 , 17470679 , 17464097 ). |
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Structure | [H][C@@]12CCC(=O)[C@@]1(C)CC[C@]1([H])C3=C(CC[C@@]21[H])C=C(O)C=C3 InChI=1S/C18H22O2/c1-18-9-8-14-13-5-3-12(19)10-11(13)2-4-15(14)16(18)6-7-17(18)20/h3,5,10,14-16,19H,2,4,6-9H2,1H3/t14-,15-,16+,18+/m1/s1 |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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3-Hydroxy-1,3,5(10)-estratrien-17-one | ChEBI | Follicular hormone | ChEBI | Folliculin | ChEBI | Oestrone | ChEBI | (+)-Estrone | HMDB | 1,3,5(10)-Estratrien-3-ol-17-one | HMDB | 3-Hydroxy-17-keto-estra-1,3,5-triene | HMDB | 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one | HMDB | 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-17-one | HMDB | 3-Hydroxyoestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one | HMDB | D1,3,5(10)-Estratrien-3-ol-17-one | HMDB | Estrone, (+-)-isomer | HMDB | Hyrex brand OF estrone | HMDB | Estrone, (9 beta)-isomer | HMDB | Estrovarin | HMDB | Kestrone | HMDB | Wehgen | HMDB | Estrone, (8 alpha)-isomer | HMDB | Hauck brand OF estrone | HMDB | Unigen | HMDB | Vortech brand OF estrone | HMDB |
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Chemical Formula | C18H22O2 |
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Average Molecular Weight | 270.3661 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 270.161979948 |
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IUPAC Name | (1S,10R,11S,15S)-5-hydroxy-15-methyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadeca-2(7),3,5-trien-14-one |
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Traditional Name | (1S,10R,11S,15S)-5-hydroxy-15-methyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadeca-2(7),3,5-trien-14-one |
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CAS Registry Number | 53-16-7 |
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SMILES | [H][C@@]12CCC(=O)[C@@]1(C)CC[C@]1([H])C3=C(CC[C@@]21[H])C=C(O)C=C3 |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C18H22O2/c1-18-9-8-14-13-5-3-12(19)10-11(13)2-4-15(14)16(18)6-7-17(18)20/h3,5,10,14-16,19H,2,4,6-9H2,1H3/t14-,15-,16+,18+/m1/s1 |
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InChI Key | DNXHEGUUPJUMQT-CBZIJGRNSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as estrogens and derivatives. These are steroids with a structure containing a 3-hydroxylated estrane. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Lipids and lipid-like molecules |
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Class | Steroids and steroid derivatives |
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Sub Class | Estrane steroids |
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Direct Parent | Estrogens and derivatives |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Estrogen-skeleton
- 3-hydroxysteroid
- Hydroxysteroid
- 17-oxosteroid
- Oxosteroid
- Phenanthrene
- Tetralin
- 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid
- Benzenoid
- Ketone
- Carbonyl group
- Organooxygen compound
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organic oxide
- Organic oxygen compound
- Aromatic homopolycyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aromatic homopolycyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | |
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Disposition | |
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Process | |
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Role | |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Molecular Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | 258 - 260 °C | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | 0.03 mg/mL | Not Available | LogP | 3.13 | HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995) |
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Experimental Chromatographic Properties | Experimental Collision Cross Sections |
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Predicted Molecular Properties | |
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Predicted Chromatographic Properties | Predicted Collision Cross SectionsPredicted Kovats Retention IndicesUnderivatizedDerivatizedDerivative Name / Structure | SMILES | Kovats RI Value | Column Type | Reference |
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Estrone,1TMS,isomer #1 | C[C@]12CC[C@@H]3C4=CC=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C=C4CC[C@H]3[C@@H]1CCC2=O | 2664.0 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Estrone,1TMS,isomer #2 | C[C@]12CC[C@@H]3C4=CC=C(O)C=C4CC[C@H]3[C@@H]1CC=C2O[Si](C)(C)C | 2640.1 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Estrone,2TMS,isomer #1 | C[C@]12CC[C@@H]3C4=CC=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C=C4CC[C@H]3[C@@H]1CC=C2O[Si](C)(C)C | 2674.5 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Estrone,2TMS,isomer #1 | C[C@]12CC[C@@H]3C4=CC=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C=C4CC[C@H]3[C@@H]1CC=C2O[Si](C)(C)C | 2497.6 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Estrone,2TMS,isomer #1 | C[C@]12CC[C@@H]3C4=CC=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C=C4CC[C@H]3[C@@H]1CC=C2O[Si](C)(C)C | 2830.9 | Standard polar | 33892256 | Estrone,1TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC1=CC=C2C(=C1)CC[C@@H]1[C@@H]2CC[C@]2(C)C(=O)CC[C@@H]12 | 2950.6 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Estrone,1TBDMS,isomer #2 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC1=CC[C@H]2[C@@H]3CCC4=CC(O)=CC=C4[C@H]3CC[C@]12C | 2913.0 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Estrone,2TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC1=CC[C@H]2[C@@H]3CCC4=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=CC=C4[C@H]3CC[C@]12C | 3214.9 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Estrone,2TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC1=CC[C@H]2[C@@H]3CCC4=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=CC=C4[C@H]3CC[C@]12C | 2910.8 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Estrone,2TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC1=CC[C@H]2[C@@H]3CCC4=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=CC=C4[C@H]3CC[C@]12C | 3083.8 | Standard polar | 33892256 |
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Spectra |
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| GC-MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Estrone GC-MS (1 TMS) | splash10-05ox-3951000000-8bc438f505b3cf49b21f | 2014-06-16 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Estrone GC-MS (1 MEOX; 1 TMS) | splash10-003u-4942000000-a72ea34d85d9d524c247 | 2014-06-16 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Estrone GC-MS (1 MEOX; 1 TMS) | splash10-0019-8931000000-aad9803af812c7c40f53 | 2014-06-16 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Estrone EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00di-2940000000-2d417e7ecb4a8b87b817 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Estrone EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00di-0980000000-5b293db89a0f2efeb784 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Estrone GC-MS (Non-derivatized) | splash10-05ox-3951000000-8bc438f505b3cf49b21f | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Estrone GC-MS (Non-derivatized) | splash10-003u-4942000000-a72ea34d85d9d524c247 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Estrone GC-MS (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0019-8931000000-aad9803af812c7c40f53 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Estrone GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-0adl-1970000000-871531490fb22b8fe12f | 2017-09-01 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Estrone GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-009t-1093000000-a8d755d13e3b819514c8 | 2017-10-06 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Estrone GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Estrone GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-11-05 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Estrone GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-11-05 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Estrone GC-MS (TBDMS_1_2) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-11-05 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | MS | Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization) | splash10-00di-2930000000-c99df908474247066a2b | 2014-09-20 | Not Available | View Spectrum |
MS/MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Estrone Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-00di-0190000000-071e67516e11357ff64e | 2012-07-24 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Estrone Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-0a4j-4910000000-20e059a7c508ba492af3 | 2012-07-24 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Estrone Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-067i-9700000000-9ff5214f08822f238fa9 | 2012-07-24 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Estrone EI-B (HITACHI M-80) , Positive-QTOF | splash10-00di-2940000000-3b9744c27d6a3d2eff6e | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Estrone LC-ESI-qTof , Positive-QTOF | splash10-0ukc-2690000000-7afb48e267c7b334213b | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Estrone Linear Ion Trap , negative-QTOF | splash10-014i-0690000000-a76244de959b06ec896e | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Estrone LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOF | splash10-0a59-0910000000-4a1bc1cbc90c3e5281e6 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Estrone LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOF | splash10-0a59-0900000000-0830d4ad43804976f508 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Estrone LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOF | splash10-0udi-0390000000-41440e74b3f0b5f365d7 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Estrone LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOF | splash10-0udi-0390000000-fdc0255246e3a9013d0a | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Estrone , positive-QTOF | splash10-0a59-2910000000-fc5173d435c3c7fc603c | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Estrone LC-ESI-QFT , positive-QTOF | splash10-00di-0390000000-25cecb1c4785e7bffd56 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Estrone 35V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0pb9-0930000000-d947dbed0baa600d21a1 | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Estrone 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-00di-0190000000-38b40bed2e5c895d292f | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Estrone 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0pc0-0920000000-391eea72f6dda0eaa3c2 | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Estrone 45V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0159-0900000000-350b322964f2315bf505 | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Estrone 30V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-014i-0690000000-277d92852a8f35c82f11 | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Estrone 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0002-0910000000-db57c4d24dab84acfe27 | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Estrone 60V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-014i-0900000000-61f2965f743c194d4628 | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Estrone 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-00di-0190000000-64cf013a5b0ad5e8bf56 | 2017-07-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Estrone 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-00fr-0590000000-40418c285df2157226dc | 2017-07-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Estrone 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0fb9-6980000000-724c68b368fbe3d38f5e | 2017-07-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Estrone 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-014i-0090000000-6778bd7122813b501c1e | 2017-07-26 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Estrone 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-014i-0090000000-0f2e0b96bc30b346c581 | 2017-07-26 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Estrone 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0f9i-1090000000-9ccbd9f351dd1f8e52cb | 2017-07-26 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
NMR SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Experimental 2D NMR | [1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, 100%_DMSO, experimental) | 2012-12-04 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
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Biological Properties |
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Cellular Locations | - Cytoplasm
- Extracellular
- Membrane (predicted from logP)
- Endoplasmic reticulum
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Biospecimen Locations | |
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Tissue Locations | |
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Pathways | |
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Normal Concentrations |
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Blood | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.00017 +/- 0.000071 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.00020 (0.00011-0.00030) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.00012 (0.0-0.00024) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.0013 +/- 0.00085 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details |
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Abnormal Concentrations |
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Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.00022 (0.00013-0.00038) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Severe coronary artery disease | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.00021 (0.00011-0.00037) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Minor electrocardiongraphic abnormalities and/or arrhythmia with negative coronary arteriograms | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.00035 (0.00014-0.00056) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Menstrual cycle (follicular phase) | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.00050 (0.00028-0.00074) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Menstrual cycle (midcycle) | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.00030 (0.00018-0.00042) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Menstrual cycle (luteal phase) | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | <0.00004 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Female | Aromatase deficiency | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.000111-0.000318 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | X-linked ichthyosis | | details |
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Associated Disorders and Diseases |
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Disease References | Menstrual cycle |
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- (). The Merck Manual, 17th ed. Mark H. Beers, MD, Robert Berkow, MD, eds. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Labs, 1999.. .
| Aromatase deficiency |
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- Mullis PE, Yoshimura N, Kuhlmann B, Lippuner K, Jaeger P, Harada H: Aromatase deficiency in a female who is compound heterozygote for two new point mutations in the P450arom gene: impact of estrogens on hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, multicystic ovaries, and bone densitometry in childhood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Jun;82(6):1739-45. doi: 10.1210/jcem.82.6.3994. [PubMed:9177373 ]
| X-linked ichthyosis |
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- Lykkesfeldt G, Bennett P, Lykkesfeldt AE, Micic S, Moller S, Svenstrup B: Abnormal androgen and oestrogen metabolism in men with steroid sulphatase deficiency and recessive X-linked ichthyosis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1985 Oct;23(4):385-93. [PubMed:3864567 ]
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Associated OMIM IDs | |
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External Links |
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DrugBank ID | DB00655 |
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Phenol Explorer Compound ID | Not Available |
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FooDB ID | FDB012798 |
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KNApSAcK ID | C00003663 |
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Chemspider ID | 5660 |
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KEGG Compound ID | C00468 |
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BioCyc ID | Not Available |
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BiGG ID | 35059 |
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Wikipedia Link | Estrone |
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METLIN ID | 264 |
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PubChem Compound | 5870 |
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PDB ID | Not Available |
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ChEBI ID | 17263 |
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Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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VMH ID | ESTRONE |
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MarkerDB ID | MDB00000069 |
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Good Scents ID | Not Available |
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References |
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Synthesis Reference | Kocovsky, Paved; Baines, Richard S. Synthesis of estrone via a thallium(III)-mediated fragmentation of a 19-hydroxyandrost-5-ene precursor. Tetrahedron Letters (1993), 34(38), 6139-40. |
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Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Download (PDF) |
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General References | - Pfeiffer E, Graf E, Gerstner S, Metzler M: Stimulation of estradiol glucuronidation: a protective mechanism against estradiol-mediated carcinogenesis? Mol Nutr Food Res. 2006 Apr;50(4-5):385-9. [PubMed:16598814 ]
- Czernik PJ, Little JM, Barone GW, Raufman JP, Radominska-Pandya A: Glucuronidation of estrogens and retinoic acid and expression of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 in human intestinal mucosa. Drug Metab Dispos. 2000 Oct;28(10):1210-6. [PubMed:10997942 ]
- Kuhl H, Wiegratz I: Can 19-nortestosterone derivatives be aromatized in the liver of adult humans? Are there clinical implications? Climacteric. 2007 Aug;10(4):344-53. [PubMed:17653961 ]
- Parker WH, Broder MS, Liu Z, Shoupe D, Farquhar C, Berek JS: Ovarian conservation at the time of hysterectomy for benign disease. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Jun;50(2):354-61. [PubMed:17513923 ]
- Stanway SJ, Delavault P, Purohit A, Woo LW, Thurieau C, Potter BV, Reed MJ: Steroid sulfatase: a new target for the endocrine therapy of breast cancer. Oncologist. 2007 Apr;12(4):370-4. [PubMed:17470679 ]
- Ito K: Hormone replacement therapy and cancers: the biological roles of estrogen and progestin in tumorigenesis are different between the endometrium and breast. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2007 May;212(1):1-12. [PubMed:17464097 ]
- Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043. [PubMed:32033212 ]
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