Record Information |
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Version | 5.0 |
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Status | Expected but not Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2012-09-06 15:16:49 UTC |
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Update Date | 2022-03-07 02:51:40 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0014583 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | Trimethoprim |
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Description | Trimethoprim, also known as proloprim or trimpex, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as anisoles. These are organic compounds containing a methoxybenzene or a derivative thereof. Trimethoprim is a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa). An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge. |
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Structure | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N)N=C2N)=CC(OC)=C1OC InChI=1S/C14H18N4O3/c1-19-10-5-8(6-11(20-2)12(10)21-3)4-9-7-17-14(16)18-13(9)15/h5-7H,4H2,1-3H3,(H4,15,16,17,18) |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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2,4-Diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine | ChEBI | 5-[(3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-2,4-pyrimidinediamine | ChEBI | Proloprim | ChEBI | Trimpex | ChEBI | CO-Trimoxazole | HMDB |
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Chemical Formula | C14H18N4O3 |
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Average Molecular Weight | 290.3177 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 290.137890462 |
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IUPAC Name | 5-[(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methyl]pyrimidine-2,4-diamine |
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Traditional Name | trimethoprim |
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CAS Registry Number | 738-70-5 |
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SMILES | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N)N=C2N)=CC(OC)=C1OC |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C14H18N4O3/c1-19-10-5-8(6-11(20-2)12(10)21-3)4-9-7-17-14(16)18-13(9)15/h5-7H,4H2,1-3H3,(H4,15,16,17,18) |
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InChI Key | IEDVJHCEMCRBQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as anisoles. These are organic compounds containing a methoxybenzene or a derivative thereof. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Benzenoids |
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Class | Phenol ethers |
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Sub Class | Anisoles |
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Direct Parent | Anisoles |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Phenoxy compound
- Anisole
- Methoxybenzene
- Alkyl aryl ether
- Aminopyrimidine
- Monocyclic benzene moiety
- Pyrimidine
- Imidolactam
- Heteroaromatic compound
- Organoheterocyclic compound
- Ether
- Azacycle
- Organic oxygen compound
- Amine
- Primary amine
- Organooxygen compound
- Organonitrogen compound
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Organopnictogen compound
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | Not Available |
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Disposition | |
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Process | Not Available |
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Role | Not Available |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Molecular Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | 199 - 203 °C | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | 0.62 g/L | Not Available | LogP | 0.6 | Not Available |
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Experimental Chromatographic Properties | Experimental Collision Cross Sections |
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Predicted Molecular Properties | |
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Predicted Chromatographic Properties | Predicted Collision Cross SectionsPredicted Kovats Retention IndicesUnderivatizedDerivatizedDerivative Name / Structure | SMILES | Kovats RI Value | Column Type | Reference |
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Trimethoprim,1TMS,isomer #1 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N[Si](C)(C)C)N=C2N)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 2666.2 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,1TMS,isomer #1 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N[Si](C)(C)C)N=C2N)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 2610.4 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,1TMS,isomer #1 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N[Si](C)(C)C)N=C2N)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 4269.8 | Standard polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,1TMS,isomer #2 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N)N=C2N[Si](C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 2679.4 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,1TMS,isomer #2 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N)N=C2N[Si](C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 2606.6 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,1TMS,isomer #2 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N)N=C2N[Si](C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 4121.0 | Standard polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,2TMS,isomer #1 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N[Si](C)(C)C)N=C2N[Si](C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 2632.7 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,2TMS,isomer #1 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N[Si](C)(C)C)N=C2N[Si](C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 2623.0 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,2TMS,isomer #1 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N[Si](C)(C)C)N=C2N[Si](C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 4011.1 | Standard polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,2TMS,isomer #2 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)N=C2N)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 2599.1 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,2TMS,isomer #2 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)N=C2N)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 2659.9 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,2TMS,isomer #2 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)N=C2N)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 3946.1 | Standard polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,2TMS,isomer #3 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N)N=C2N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 2553.6 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,2TMS,isomer #3 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N)N=C2N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 2709.4 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,2TMS,isomer #3 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N)N=C2N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 3870.4 | Standard polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,3TMS,isomer #1 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)N=C2N[Si](C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 2610.6 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,3TMS,isomer #1 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)N=C2N[Si](C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 2621.2 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,3TMS,isomer #1 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)N=C2N[Si](C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 3579.4 | Standard polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,3TMS,isomer #2 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N[Si](C)(C)C)N=C2N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 2604.1 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,3TMS,isomer #2 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N[Si](C)(C)C)N=C2N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 2674.5 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,3TMS,isomer #2 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N[Si](C)(C)C)N=C2N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 3678.5 | Standard polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,4TMS,isomer #1 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)N=C2N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 2649.8 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,4TMS,isomer #1 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)N=C2N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 2655.1 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,4TMS,isomer #1 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)N=C2N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 3287.5 | Standard polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,1TBDMS,isomer #1 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N=C2N)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 2853.9 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,1TBDMS,isomer #1 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N=C2N)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 2825.4 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,1TBDMS,isomer #1 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N=C2N)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 4235.7 | Standard polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,1TBDMS,isomer #2 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N)N=C2N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 2873.4 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,1TBDMS,isomer #2 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N)N=C2N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 2817.2 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,1TBDMS,isomer #2 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N)N=C2N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 4105.2 | Standard polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,2TBDMS,isomer #1 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N=C2N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 3031.7 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,2TBDMS,isomer #1 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N=C2N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 3020.8 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,2TBDMS,isomer #1 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N=C2N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 3981.5 | Standard polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,2TBDMS,isomer #2 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N=C2N)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 3033.6 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,2TBDMS,isomer #2 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N=C2N)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 3086.2 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,2TBDMS,isomer #2 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N=C2N)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 3916.1 | Standard polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,2TBDMS,isomer #3 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N)N=C2N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 2988.0 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,2TBDMS,isomer #3 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N)N=C2N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 3084.9 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,2TBDMS,isomer #3 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N)N=C2N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 3876.2 | Standard polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,3TBDMS,isomer #1 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N=C2N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 3159.7 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,3TBDMS,isomer #1 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N=C2N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 3230.2 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,3TBDMS,isomer #1 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N=C2N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 3689.2 | Standard polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,3TBDMS,isomer #2 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N=C2N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 3177.4 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,3TBDMS,isomer #2 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N=C2N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 3220.9 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,3TBDMS,isomer #2 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N=C2N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 3774.4 | Standard polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,4TBDMS,isomer #1 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N=C2N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 3362.7 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,4TBDMS,isomer #1 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N=C2N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 3434.3 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Trimethoprim,4TBDMS,isomer #1 | COC1=CC(CC2=CN=C(N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N=C2N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1OC | 3533.9 | Standard polar | 33892256 |
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| GC-MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Trimethoprim EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0006-5390000000-e68103f64cbb997e5776 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Trimethoprim EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0006-5390000000-e68103f64cbb997e5776 | 2018-05-18 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Trimethoprim GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-072c-0390000000-14ead3ead386e06ae454 | 2017-09-01 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Trimethoprim GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
MS/MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Trimethoprim LC-ESI-qTof , Positive-QTOF | splash10-03na-2690000000-39babdc7b45a0aa0adf7 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Trimethoprim LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOF | splash10-0089-0290000000-32000410829186ca112c | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Trimethoprim LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOF | splash10-0006-0090000000-44ccaa9725303a7db8a4 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Trimethoprim LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOF | splash10-0006-0090000000-af77a44791c8867aad66 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Trimethoprim LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOF | splash10-0006-0190000000-8eb1449e3f800368c863 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Trimethoprim LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOF | splash10-03n9-0190000000-deb1664d211c2227b048 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Trimethoprim LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOF | splash10-077i-0590000000-ae48b54f4879c1551670 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Trimethoprim LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOF | splash10-0089-1950000000-5084ea4b328a585b675d | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Trimethoprim LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOF | splash10-0006-0090000000-fb9fa4e4130917b6e6ff | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Trimethoprim LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOF | splash10-0006-0090000000-15d83f92b30f466cd587 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Trimethoprim LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOF | splash10-0006-0190000000-f95e0c038a6aa70dc02e | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Trimethoprim LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOF | splash10-03na-0190000000-72c88d8f9739c7d29714 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Trimethoprim LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOF | splash10-077i-0590000000-9c0f5662b9713adab9cb | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Trimethoprim LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOF | splash10-0089-1950000000-8b16041ba3b127d299ba | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Trimethoprim LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOF | splash10-0089-0290000000-6a16da6c03a03fd87f34 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Trimethoprim LC-ESI-QQ , positive-QTOF | splash10-0006-0090000000-145bf44afce31ab82f64 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Trimethoprim LC-ESI-QQ , positive-QTOF | splash10-0006-0090000000-68ca013641f0c338b3a2 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Trimethoprim LC-ESI-QQ , positive-QTOF | splash10-008c-0290000000-d56028ecf88d373b83bd | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Trimethoprim LC-ESI-QQ , positive-QTOF | splash10-03n9-0590000000-15246e14a33089adf87d | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Trimethoprim 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0006-0090000000-ab604617a206ca211558 | 2016-06-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Trimethoprim 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-006x-0190000000-20fc4fb0fdca747b84f8 | 2016-06-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Trimethoprim 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-00dj-3690000000-0ec38b6068b0db0dfb83 | 2016-06-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Trimethoprim 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-000i-0090000000-8e413946db77cf7ccfea | 2016-08-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Trimethoprim 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-000i-1090000000-691ddb4fa4a66277fa2e | 2016-08-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Trimethoprim 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0006-7390000000-a01859f18f535ce1b096 | 2016-08-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
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- Brumfitt W, Hamilton-Miller JM: Reassessment of the rationale for the combinations of sulphonamides with diaminopyrimidines. J Chemother. 1993 Dec;5(6):465-9. [PubMed:8195839 ]
- Johnson JR, Manges AR, O'Bryan TT, Riley LW: A disseminated multidrug-resistant clonal group of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in pyelonephritis. Lancet. 2002 Jun 29;359(9325):2249-51. [PubMed:12103291 ]
- Felmingham D, Reinert RR, Hirakata Y, Rodloff A: Increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from the PROTEKT surveillance study, and compatative in vitro activity of the ketolide, telithromycin. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2002 Sep;50 Suppl S1:25-37. [PubMed:12239226 ]
- Bean DC, Livermore DM, Papa I, Hall LM: Resistance among Escherichia coli to sulphonamides and other antimicrobials now little used in man. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005 Nov;56(5):962-4. Epub 2005 Sep 8. [PubMed:16150859 ]
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