Record Information |
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Version | 5.0 |
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Status | Expected but not Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2008-09-26 14:11:48 UTC |
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Update Date | 2022-03-07 02:51:02 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0010712 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | Galactosylceramide (d18:1/24:1(15Z)) |
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Description | Galactosylceramides (GalCer) are non-acidic monoglycosphingolipids, i.e. a sphingolipid with one carbohydrate moiety attached to a ceramide unit. They are an intermediate in sphingolipid metabolism and is the second to last step in the synthesis of digalactosylceramidesulfate. GalCer is generated from ceramide via the enzyme UDP-galactose ceramide galactosyltransferase [EC:2.4.1.47]. It can be converted to digalactosylceramide via the enzyme glycosyltransferases [EC 2.4.1.-]. Galactosylceramide is the principal glycosphingolipid in brain tissue, hence the trivial name "cerebroside", which was first conferred on it in 1874. Galactosylceramides are found in all nervous tissues, but they can amount to 2% of the dry weight of grey matter and 12% of white matter. They are major constituents of oligodendrocytes. Synthesis of galactosylceramide takes place on the lumenal surface of the endoplasmic reticulum, although it has free access to the cytosolic surface by an energy-independent flip-flop process. GalCer sits in the extracellular leaflet of cell membranes in nanometer sized domains or rafts. The local clustering of GalCer within rafts is thought to facilitate the initial adhesion of certain viruses, including HIV-1 and bacteria to cells through multivalent interactions between receptor proteins and GalCer. A defect in the degradation of cerbrosides leads to a disorder called Krabbe disease. Krabbe disease (also known as globoid cell leukodystrophy or galactosylceramide lipidosis) is a rare, often fatal degenerative disorder that affects the myelin sheath of the nervous system. Krabbe disease is caused by mutations in the GALC gene, which causes a deficiency of galactosylceramidase. Infants with Krabbe disease are normal at birth. Symptoms begin between the ages of 3 and 6 months with irritability, fevers, limb stiffness, seizures, feeding difficulties, vomiting, and slowing of mental and motor development. There are also juvenile- and adult-onset cases of Krabbe disease, which have similar symptoms but slower progression. In infants, the disease is generally fatal before age 2. Patients with late-onset Krabbe disease tend to have a slower progression of the disease and live significantly longer.Cerebrosides are glycosphingolipids. There are four types of glycosphingolipids, the cerebrosides, sulfatides, globosides and gangliosides. Cerebrosides have a single sugar group linked to ceramide. The most common are galactocerebrosides (containing galactose), the least common are glucocerebrosides (containing glucose). Galactocerebrosides are found predominantly in neuronal cell membranes. In contrast glucocerebrosides are not normally found in membranes. Instead, they are typically intermediates in the synthesis or degradation of more complex glycosphingolipids. Galactocerebrosides are synthesized from ceramide and UDP-galactose. Excess lysosomal accumulation of glucocerebrosides is found in Gaucher disease. |
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Structure | CCCCCCCCCCCCC\C=C/C(O)C(CO[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O)NC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC InChI=1S/C48H91NO8/c1-3-5-7-9-11-13-15-17-18-19-20-21-22-23-24-26-28-30-32-34-36-38-44(52)49-41(40-56-48-47(55)46(54)45(53)43(39-50)57-48)42(51)37-35-33-31-29-27-25-16-14-12-10-8-6-4-2/h17-18,35,37,41-43,45-48,50-51,53-55H,3-16,19-34,36,38-40H2,1-2H3,(H,49,52)/b18-17-,37-35-/t41?,42?,43-,45+,46+,47-,48-/m1/s1 |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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a-GalCer | HMDB | alpha-GalCer | HMDB | Cerebroside | HMDB | D-Galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine | HMDB | D-Galactosylceramide | HMDB | delta-Galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine | HMDB | delta-Galactosylceramide | HMDB | Gal-b-cer | HMDB | Gal-beta-1-1'cer | HMDB | Gal-beta-cer | HMDB | Galactocerebroside | HMDB | Galactosylceramide | HMDB | GalCer | HMDB | N-(15Z-Tetracosenoyl)-1-b-galactosyl-sphing-4-enine | HMDB | N-(15Z-Tetracosenoyl)-1-beta-galactosyl-sphing-4-enine | HMDB | (15Z)-N-[(4Z)-3-Hydroxy-1-{[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}octadec-4-en-2-yl]tetracos-15-enimidate | HMDB |
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Chemical Formula | C48H91NO8 |
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Average Molecular Weight | 810.238 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 809.674468893 |
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IUPAC Name | (15Z)-N-[(4Z)-3-hydroxy-1-{[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}octadec-4-en-2-yl]tetracos-15-enamide |
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Traditional Name | (15Z)-N-[(4Z)-3-hydroxy-1-{[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}octadec-4-en-2-yl]tetracos-15-enamide |
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CAS Registry Number | Not Available |
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SMILES | CCCCCCCCCCCCC\C=C/C(O)C(CO[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O)NC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C48H91NO8/c1-3-5-7-9-11-13-15-17-18-19-20-21-22-23-24-26-28-30-32-34-36-38-44(52)49-41(40-56-48-47(55)46(54)45(53)43(39-50)57-48)42(51)37-35-33-31-29-27-25-16-14-12-10-8-6-4-2/h17-18,35,37,41-43,45-48,50-51,53-55H,3-16,19-34,36,38-40H2,1-2H3,(H,49,52)/b18-17-,37-35-/t41?,42?,43-,45+,46+,47-,48-/m1/s1 |
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InChI Key | WBOZIXHPUPAOIA-DFJDAMKWSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glycosyl-n-acylsphingosines. Glycosyl-N-acylsphingosines are compounds containing a sphingosine linked to a simple glucosyl moiety. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Lipids and lipid-like molecules |
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Class | Sphingolipids |
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Sub Class | Glycosphingolipids |
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Direct Parent | Glycosyl-N-acylsphingosines |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Glycosyl-n-acylsphingosine
- Fatty acyl glycoside
- Fatty acyl glycoside of mono- or disaccharide
- Alkyl glycoside
- Hexose monosaccharide
- Glycosyl compound
- O-glycosyl compound
- Fatty amide
- Fatty acyl
- Monosaccharide
- N-acyl-amine
- Oxane
- Carboxamide group
- Secondary carboxylic acid amide
- Secondary alcohol
- Acetal
- Carboxylic acid derivative
- Oxacycle
- Organoheterocyclic compound
- Polyol
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organic oxide
- Organopnictogen compound
- Alcohol
- Organic oxygen compound
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Primary alcohol
- Carbonyl group
- Organooxygen compound
- Organonitrogen compound
- Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | Not Available |
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Ontology |
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Not Available | Not Available |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Molecular Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | Not Available | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | Not Available | Not Available | LogP | Not Available | Not Available |
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Experimental Chromatographic Properties | Not Available |
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Predicted Molecular Properties | |
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Predicted Chromatographic Properties | Predicted Collision Cross SectionsPredicted Kovats Retention IndicesUnderivatized |
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General References | - Wang J, Guillaume J, Pauwels N, Van Calenbergh S, Van Rhijn I, Zajonc DM: Crystal structures of bovine CD1d reveal altered alphaGalCer presentation and a restricted A' pocket unable to bind long-chain glycolipids. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e47989. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047989. Epub 2012 Oct 23. [PubMed:23110152 ]
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- Lopez-Sagaseta J, Kung JE, Savage PB, Gumperz J, Adams EJ: The molecular basis for recognition of CD1d/alpha-galactosylceramide by a human non-Valpha24 T cell receptor. PLoS Biol. 2012;10(10):e1001412. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001412. Epub 2012 Oct 23. [PubMed:23109910 ]
- Tonti E, Fedeli M, Napolitano A, Iannacone M, von Andrian UH, Guidotti LG, Abrignani S, Casorati G, Dellabona P: Follicular helper NKT cells induce limited B cell responses and germinal center formation in the absence of CD4(+) T cell help. J Immunol. 2012 Apr 1;188(7):3217-22. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103501. Epub 2012 Feb 29. [PubMed:22379027 ]
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- Tyznik AJ, Farber E, Girardi E, Birkholz A, Li Y, Chitale S, So R, Arora P, Khurana A, Wang J, Porcelli SA, Zajonc DM, Kronenberg M, Howell AR: Glycolipids that elicit IFN-gamma-biased responses from natural killer T cells. Chem Biol. 2011 Dec 23;18(12):1620-30. doi: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.10.015. [PubMed:22195564 ]
- Nagy L: Would eating carrots protect your liver? A new role involving NKT cells for retinoic acid in hepatitis. Eur J Immunol. 2012 Jul;42(7):1677-80. doi: 10.1002/eji.201242705. [PubMed:22806070 ]
- Choi DH, Kim KS, Yang SH, Chung DH, Song B, Sprent J, Cho JH, Sung YC: Dendritic cell internalization of alpha-galactosylceramide from CD8 T cells induces potent antitumor CD8 T-cell responses. Cancer Res. 2011 Dec 15;71(24):7442-51. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-1459. Epub 2011 Oct 25. [PubMed:22028323 ]
- Yu ED, Girardi E, Wang J, Mac TT, Yu KO, Van Calenbergh S, Porcelli SA, Zajonc DM: Structural basis for the recognition of C20:2-alphaGalCer by the invariant natural killer T cell receptor-like antibody L363. J Biol Chem. 2012 Jan 6;287(2):1269-78. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.308783. Epub 2011 Nov 22. [PubMed:22110136 ]
- Kim YJ, Han SH, Kang HW, Lee JM, Kim YS, Seo JH, Seong YK, Ko HJ, Choi TH, Moon C, Kang CY: NKT ligand-loaded, antigen-expressing B cells function as long-lasting antigen presenting cells in vivo. Cell Immunol. 2011;270(2):135-44. doi: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.04.006. Epub 2011 Apr 22. [PubMed:21741036 ]
- Chen Q, Ross AC: All-trans-retinoic acid and the glycolipid alpha-galactosylceramide combined reduce breast tumor growth and lung metastasis in a 4T1 murine breast tumor model. Nutr Cancer. 2012;64(8):1219-27. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2012.718404. [PubMed:23163850 ]
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