Record Information |
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Version | 5.0 |
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Status | Detected and Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2006-05-22 14:17:32 UTC |
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Update Date | 2023-05-30 20:55:51 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0002013 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | - HMDB0062510
- HMDB02013
- HMDB62510
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | Butyrylcarnitine |
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Description | Butyrylcarnitine, also known as (3R)-3-(butyryloxy)-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate or L-carnitine butyryl ester, is classified as a member of the acylcarnitines. Acylcarnitines are organic compounds containing a fatty acid with the carboxylic acid attached to carnitine through an ester bond. Butyrylcarnitine is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and acidic. Butyrylcarnitine is elevated in patients with short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD) deficiency, in infants with acute acidosis and generalized muscle weakness, and in middle-aged patients with chronic myopathy localized in muscle (OMIM: 201470 ). |
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Structure | CCCC(=O)O[C@H](CC([O-])=O)C[N+](C)(C)C InChI=1S/C11H21NO4/c1-5-6-11(15)16-9(7-10(13)14)8-12(2,3)4/h9H,5-8H2,1-4H3/t9-/m1/s1 |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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(3R)-3-(Butyryloxy)-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate | ChEBI | Butyryl-L-carnitine | ChEBI | L-Carnitine butyryl ester | ChEBI | N-Butyryl-L-(-)-carnitin | ChEBI | O-Butanoyl-(R)-carnitine | ChEBI | (3R)-3-(Butyryloxy)-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoic acid | Generator | Butylcarnitine | HMDB | O-Butanoyl-carnitine | HMDB | O-Butanoylcarnitine | HMDB | Butyrylcarnitine | ChEBI |
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Chemical Formula | C11H21NO4 |
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Average Molecular Weight | 231.292 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 231.14705816 |
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IUPAC Name | (3R)-3-(butanoyloxy)-4-(trimethylazaniumyl)butanoate |
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Traditional Name | O-butanoylcarnitine |
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CAS Registry Number | 25576-40-3 |
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SMILES | CCCC(=O)O[C@H](CC([O-])=O)C[N+](C)(C)C |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C11H21NO4/c1-5-6-11(15)16-9(7-10(13)14)8-12(2,3)4/h9H,5-8H2,1-4H3/t9-/m1/s1 |
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InChI Key | QWYFHHGCZUCMBN-SECBINFHSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as acyl carnitines. These are organic compounds containing a fatty acid with the carboxylic acid attached to carnitine through an ester bond. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Lipids and lipid-like molecules |
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Class | Fatty Acyls |
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Sub Class | Fatty acid esters |
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Direct Parent | Acyl carnitines |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Acyl-carnitine
- Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
- Tetraalkylammonium salt
- Quaternary ammonium salt
- Carboxylic acid ester
- Carboxylic acid salt
- Carboxylic acid derivative
- Carboxylic acid
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Organooxygen compound
- Organonitrogen compound
- Organic salt
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organic oxide
- Organopnictogen compound
- Organic oxygen compound
- Carbonyl group
- Amine
- Aliphatic acyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic acyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | Not Available |
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Disposition | Biological locationRoute of exposureSourceEndogenousExogenousFood- Food (HMDB: HMDB0002013)
Animal originMilk and milk productUnfermented milk- Milk (Cow) (FooDB: FOOD00618)
- Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 0% fat (FooDB: FOOD00889)
- Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 1% fat (FooDB: FOOD00890)
- Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 2% fat (FooDB: FOOD00891)
- Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin D added, 3.25% fat (FooDB: FOOD00892)
- Exogenous (HMDB: HMDB0002013)
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Process | |
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Role | |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Molecular Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | Not Available | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | Not Available | Not Available | LogP | Not Available | Not Available |
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Experimental Chromatographic Properties | Not Available |
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Predicted Molecular Properties | |
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Predicted Chromatographic Properties | Predicted Collision Cross SectionsPredicted Kovats Retention IndicesUnderivatized |
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Spectra |
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| GC-MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Butyrylcarnitine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
MS/MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyrylcarnitine 30V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-000i-9000000000-a5dda83cb139267daf89 | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyrylcarnitine 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-001r-8390000000-ceb4241ebded9660319e | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyrylcarnitine 0V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-001i-0090000000-5c14cfc2ec68c45a3c6d | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyrylcarnitine 0V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-001i-0090000000-ffb54886a9c9e0dd59c0 | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyrylcarnitine 30V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-000i-9000000000-45000c412d54fe872024 | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyrylcarnitine 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-001r-6290000000-a53c2ce500986fed88fd | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyrylcarnitine 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-001i-0090000000-cf95ec9e05e8b6c1a98f | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyrylcarnitine 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0019-9050000000-ebf3a8e1eb1d0ceaaeba | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyrylcarnitine 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-000i-9000000000-e9262cbaff8cb4ad0ba6 | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
NMR SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
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Biological Properties |
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Cellular Locations | |
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Biospecimen Locations | - Blood
- Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
- Feces
- Saliva
- Urine
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Tissue Locations | |
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Pathways | |
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Normal Concentrations |
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Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.26 +/- 0.16 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.10-0.45 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.267 +/- 0.013 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.10-0.45 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.13 (0.11-0.16) uM | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Not Available | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.39 (0.31-0.55) uM | Infant (0-1 year old) | Not Available | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | <0.12 uM | Adolescent (13-18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.26(0.1) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.21 +/- 0.09 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.079 (0.023-0.174) uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 0.024 +/- 0.007 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected and Quantified | 0.21 +/- 0.1 nmol/g wet feces | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected and Quantified | 0.15 +/- 0.06 nmol/g wet feces | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 0.073 +/- 0.044 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 702.56 +/- 39.76 umol/mmol creatinine | Adolescent (13-18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.76 (0.12-1.81) umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0 umol/mmol creatinine | Infant (0-1 year old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.21 (0.10-0.37) umol/mmol creatinine | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.05-0.33 umol/mmol creatinine | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.11 +/- 0.06 umol/mmol creatinine | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Female | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.13 +/- 0.07 umol/mmol creatinine | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Male | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 2.3594 +/- 1.3471 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details |
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Abnormal Concentrations |
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Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.152 +/- 0.011 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Celiac disease | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.38 uM | Adolescent (13-18 years old) | Male | Glutaric aciduria II | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.33(0.18) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.33(0.14) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.1378 (0.119) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Pregnancy with fetus having congenital heart defect | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.2169 (0.0736) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Pregnancy | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.005 (0.0-0.009) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (vLCAD) | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.069 +/- 0.047 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Obesity | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.078 +/- 0.035 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Obesity | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Attachment loss | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Missing teeth | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Periodontal Probing Depth | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 565.44 +/- 32.46 umol/mmol creatinine | Adolescent (13-18 years old) | Both | Obese | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0-8.966 umol/mmol creatinine | Infant (0-1 year old) | Both | Short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (SCAD) | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 1.368 +/- 1.1114 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Not Specified | Eosinophilic esophagitis | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 1.2564 +/- 1.26 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Not Specified | Gastroesophageal reflux disease | | details |
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Associated Disorders and Diseases |
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Disease References | Celiac disease |
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- Bene J, Komlosi K, Gasztonyi B, Juhasz M, Tulassay Z, Melegh B: Plasma carnitine ester profile in adult celiac disease patients maintained on long-term gluten free diet. World J Gastroenterol. 2005 Nov 14;11(42):6671-5. [PubMed:16425363 ]
| Very Long Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency |
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- Costa CG, Struys EA, Bootsma A, ten Brink HJ, Dorland L, Tavares de Almeida I, Duran M, Jakobs C: Quantitative analysis of plasma acylcarnitines using gas chromatography chemical ionization mass fragmentography. J Lipid Res. 1997 Jan;38(1):173-82. [PubMed:9034211 ]
| Pregnancy |
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- Bahado-Singh RO, Ertl R, Mandal R, Bjorndahl TC, Syngelaki A, Han B, Dong E, Liu PB, Alpay-Savasan Z, Wishart DS, Nicolaides KH: Metabolomic prediction of fetal congenital heart defect in the first trimester. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Sep;211(3):240.e1-240.e14. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.03.056. Epub 2014 Apr 1. [PubMed:24704061 ]
| Glutaric aciduria II |
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- Prasad M, Hussain S: Glutaric aciduria type II presenting as myopathy and rhabdomyolysis in a teenager. J Child Neurol. 2015 Jan;30(1):96-9. doi: 10.1177/0883073813516676. Epub 2014 Jan 21. [PubMed:24453145 ]
| Attachment loss |
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- Liebsch C, Pitchika V, Pink C, Samietz S, Kastenmuller G, Artati A, Suhre K, Adamski J, Nauck M, Volzke H, Friedrich N, Kocher T, Holtfreter B, Pietzner M: The Saliva Metabolome in Association to Oral Health Status. J Dent Res. 2019 Jun;98(6):642-651. doi: 10.1177/0022034519842853. Epub 2019 Apr 26. [PubMed:31026179 ]
| Missing teeth |
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- Liebsch C, Pitchika V, Pink C, Samietz S, Kastenmuller G, Artati A, Suhre K, Adamski J, Nauck M, Volzke H, Friedrich N, Kocher T, Holtfreter B, Pietzner M: The Saliva Metabolome in Association to Oral Health Status. J Dent Res. 2019 Jun;98(6):642-651. doi: 10.1177/0022034519842853. Epub 2019 Apr 26. [PubMed:31026179 ]
| Periodontal Probing Depth |
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- Liebsch C, Pitchika V, Pink C, Samietz S, Kastenmuller G, Artati A, Suhre K, Adamski J, Nauck M, Volzke H, Friedrich N, Kocher T, Holtfreter B, Pietzner M: The Saliva Metabolome in Association to Oral Health Status. J Dent Res. 2019 Jun;98(6):642-651. doi: 10.1177/0022034519842853. Epub 2019 Apr 26. [PubMed:31026179 ]
| Eosinophilic esophagitis |
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- Slae, M., Huynh, H., Wishart, D.S. (2014). Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work). NA.
| Short Chain Acyl-Coa Dehydrogenase Deficiency |
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- Bhala A, Willi SM, Rinaldo P, Bennett MJ, Schmidt-Sommerfeld E, Hale DE: Clinical and biochemical characterization of short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency. J Pediatr. 1995 Jun;126(6):910-5. [PubMed:7776094 ]
| Obesity |
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- Cho K, Moon JS, Kang JH, Jang HB, Lee HJ, Park SI, Yu KS, Cho JY: Combined untargeted and targeted metabolomic profiling reveals urinary biomarkers for discriminating obese from normal-weight adolescents. Pediatr Obes. 2017 Apr;12(2):93-101. doi: 10.1111/ijpo.12114. Epub 2016 Feb 22. [PubMed:26910390 ]
- Simone Wahl, Christina Holzapfel, Zhonghao Yu, Michaela Breier, Ivan Kondofersky, Christiane Fuchs, Paula Singmann, Cornelia Prehn, Jerzy Adamski, Harald Grallert, Thomas Illig, Rui Wang-Sattler, Thomas Reinehr (2013). Metabolomics reveals determinants of weight loss during lifestyle intervention in obese children. Metabolomics.
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Associated OMIM IDs | - 212750 (Celiac disease)
- 201475 (Very Long Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency)
- 231680 (Glutaric aciduria II)
- 610247 (Eosinophilic esophagitis)
- 601665 (Obesity)
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External Links |
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DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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Phenol Explorer Compound ID | Not Available |
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FooDB ID | FDB022795 |
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KNApSAcK ID | C00052220 |
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Chemspider ID | 184820 |
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KEGG Compound ID | C02862 |
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BioCyc ID | Not Available |
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BiGG ID | Not Available |
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Wikipedia Link | Not Available |
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METLIN ID | 6436 |
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PubChem Compound | 213144 |
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PDB ID | Not Available |
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ChEBI ID | 21949 |
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Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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VMH ID | C4CRN |
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MarkerDB ID | MDB00000365 |
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Good Scents ID | Not Available |
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References |
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Synthesis Reference | Lozano Pedro; Daz Mirta; de Diego Teresa; Iborra Jose L Ester synthesis from trimethylammonium alcohols in dry organic media catalyzed by immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B. Biotechnology and bioengineering (2003), 82(3), 352-8. |
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Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Not Available |
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General References | - Young SP, Matern D, Gregersen N, Stevens RD, Bali D, Liu HM, Koeberl DD, Millington DS: A comparison of in vitro acylcarnitine profiling methods for the diagnosis of classical and variant short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Clin Chim Acta. 2003 Nov;337(1-2):103-13. [PubMed:14568186 ]
- Golan R, Soffer Y, Katz S, Weissenberg R, Wasserzug O, Lewin LM: Carnitine and short-chain acylcarnitines in the lumen of the human male reproductive tract. Int J Androl. 1983 Aug;6(4):349-57. [PubMed:6618689 ]
- Bhala A, Willi SM, Rinaldo P, Bennett MJ, Schmidt-Sommerfeld E, Hale DE: Clinical and biochemical characterization of short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency. J Pediatr. 1995 Jun;126(6):910-5. [PubMed:7776094 ]
- Simons K, Toomre D: Lipid rafts and signal transduction. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Oct;1(1):31-9. [PubMed:11413487 ]
- Watson AD: Thematic review series: systems biology approaches to metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Lipidomics: a global approach to lipid analysis in biological systems. J Lipid Res. 2006 Oct;47(10):2101-11. Epub 2006 Aug 10. [PubMed:16902246 ]
- Sethi JK, Vidal-Puig AJ: Thematic review series: adipocyte biology. Adipose tissue function and plasticity orchestrate nutritional adaptation. J Lipid Res. 2007 Jun;48(6):1253-62. Epub 2007 Mar 20. [PubMed:17374880 ]
- Lingwood D, Simons K: Lipid rafts as a membrane-organizing principle. Science. 2010 Jan 1;327(5961):46-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1174621. [PubMed:20044567 ]
- Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043. [PubMed:32033212 ]
- Gunstone, Frank D., John L. Harwood, and Albert J. Dijkstra (2007). The lipid handbook with CD-ROM. CRC Press.
- OMMBID - The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease [Link]
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