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Showing metabocard for Propionic acid (HMDB0000237)

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IdentificationTaxonomyOntologyPhysical propertiesSpectraBiological propertiesConcentrationsLinksReferencesenzymes (5) Show 5 proteinsXML
enzymes (5) Show 5 proteins
Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
Update Date2023-05-30 20:56:03 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0000237
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB00237
Metabolite Identification
Common NamePropionic acid
DescriptionPropionic acid (PA) is an organic acid. It exists a clear liquid with a pungent and unpleasant smell somewhat resembling body odor. Propionic acid (PA) is widely used as an antifungal agent in food. It is present naturally at low levels in dairy products and occurs ubiquitously, together with other short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), in the gastro-intestinal tract of humans and other mammals as an end-product of the microbial digestion of carbohydrates. The metabolism of propionic acid begins with its conversion to propionyl coenzyme A, the usual first step in the metabolism of carboxylic acids. Since propionic acid has three carbons, propionyl-CoA cannot directly enter either beta oxidation or the citric acid cycles. In most vertebrates, propionyl-CoA is carboxylated to D-methylmalonyl-CoA, which is isomerised to L-methylmalonyl-CoA. Propionic acid has significant physiological activity in animals. Propionic acid is irritant but produces no acute systemic effects and has no demonstrable genotoxic potential (PMID 1628870 ). The human skin is host of several species of bacteria known as Propionibacteria, which are named after their ability to produce propionic acid. The most notable one is the Cutibacterium acnes (formerly known as Propionibacterium acnes), which lives mainly in the sebaceous glands of the skin and is one of the principal causes of acne. Propionic aciduria is one of the most frequent organic acidurias, a disease that comprise many various disorders. The outcome of patients born with Propionic aciduria is poor intellectual development patterns, with 60% having an IQ less than 75 and requiring special education. Successful liver and/or renal transplantations, in a few patients, have resulted in better quality of life but have not necessarily prevented neurological and various visceral complications. These results emphasize the need for permanent metabolic follow-up whatever the therapeutic strategy (PMID 15868474 ). Decreased early mortality, less severe symptoms at diagnosis, and more favorable short-term neurodevelopmental outcome were recorded in patients identified through expanded newborn screening. (PMID 16763906 )↵ When propionic acid is infused directly into rodents' brains, it produces hyperactivity, dystonia, social impairment, perseveration and brain changes (e.g., innate neuroinflammation, glutathione depletion) that may be used as a means to model autism in rats. Propionic acid is a metabolite of Bacteroides, Clostridium, Dialister, Megasphaera, Phascolarctobacterium, Propionibacterium, Propionigenum, Salmonella, Selenomonas and Veillonella (https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/3/2/21).
Structure
Data?1676999678
MOL3D MOLSDF3D SDFPDB3D PDBSMILESInChI

MOL for HMDB0000237 (Propionic acid)


  Mrv1652305012020142D          

  5  4  0  0  0  0            999 V2000
    1.0718   -0.2062    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.3573   -0.6187    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.3571   -0.2062    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.0717   -0.6187    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.3572    0.6187    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  1  0  0  0  0
  2  3  1  0  0  0  0
  3  4  1  0  0  0  0
  3  5  2  0  0  0  0
M  END
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3D MOL for HMDB0000237 (Propionic acid)

HMDB0000237
     RDKit          3D
Propionic acid
 11 10  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
   -1.2061    0.4416    0.1519 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.1637   -0.4295   -0.5504 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.9790   -0.5157    0.4146 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.1921   -1.5750    1.0130 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.7435    0.6312    0.5768 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.9205   -0.2615    0.5975 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.6412    1.0762   -0.6142 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.7611    1.0658    0.9278 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.5582   -1.4426   -0.7679 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.1302   -0.0061   -1.5277 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.2060    1.0158   -0.2214 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  1  0
  2  3  1  0
  3  4  2  0
  3  5  1  0
  1  6  1  0
  1  7  1  0
  1  8  1  0
  2  9  1  0
  2 10  1  0
  5 11  1  0
M  END
Download

3D SDF for HMDB0000237 (Propionic acid)


  Mrv1652305012020142D          

  5  4  0  0  0  0            999 V2000
    1.0718   -0.2062    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.3573   -0.6187    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.3571   -0.2062    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.0717   -0.6187    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.3572    0.6187    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  1  0  0  0  0
  2  3  1  0  0  0  0
  3  4  1  0  0  0  0
  3  5  2  0  0  0  0
M  END
> <DATABASE_ID>
HMDB0000237

> <DATABASE_NAME>
hmdb

> <SMILES>
CCC(O)=O

> <INCHI_IDENTIFIER>
InChI=1S/C3H6O2/c1-2-3(4)5/h2H2,1H3,(H,4,5)

> <INCHI_KEY>
XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N

> <FORMULA>
C3H6O2

> <MOLECULAR_WEIGHT>
74.0785

> <EXACT_MASS>
74.036779436

> <JCHEM_ACCEPTOR_COUNT>
2

> <JCHEM_ATOM_COUNT>
11

> <JCHEM_AVERAGE_POLARIZABILITY>
7.24434341571555

> <JCHEM_BIOAVAILABILITY>
1

> <JCHEM_DONOR_COUNT>
1

> <JCHEM_FORMAL_CHARGE>
0

> <JCHEM_GHOSE_FILTER>
0

> <JCHEM_IUPAC>
propanoic acid

> <ALOGPS_LOGP>
0.31

> <JCHEM_LOGP>
0.47719013266666654

> <ALOGPS_LOGS>
0.68

> <JCHEM_MDDR_LIKE_RULE>
0

> <JCHEM_NUMBER_OF_RINGS>
0

> <JCHEM_PHYSIOLOGICAL_CHARGE>
-1

> <JCHEM_PKA_STRONGEST_ACIDIC>
4.7546711681673255

> <JCHEM_POLAR_SURFACE_AREA>
37.3

> <JCHEM_REFRACTIVITY>
17.2706

> <JCHEM_ROTATABLE_BOND_COUNT>
1

> <JCHEM_RULE_OF_FIVE>
1

> <ALOGPS_SOLUBILITY>
3.52e+02 g/l

> <JCHEM_TRADITIONAL_IUPAC>
propanoic acid

> <JCHEM_VEBER_RULE>
1

$$$$
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3D-SDF for HMDB0000237 (Propionic acid)

HMDB0000237
     RDKit          3D
Propionic acid
 11 10  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
   -1.2061    0.4416    0.1519 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.1637   -0.4295   -0.5504 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.9790   -0.5157    0.4146 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.1921   -1.5750    1.0130 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.7435    0.6312    0.5768 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.9205   -0.2615    0.5975 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.6412    1.0762   -0.6142 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.7611    1.0658    0.9278 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.5582   -1.4426   -0.7679 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.1302   -0.0061   -1.5277 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.2060    1.0158   -0.2214 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  1  0
  2  3  1  0
  3  4  2  0
  3  5  1  0
  1  6  1  0
  1  7  1  0
  1  8  1  0
  2  9  1  0
  2 10  1  0
  5 11  1  0
M  END
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PDB for HMDB0000237 (Propionic acid)

HEADER    PROTEIN                                 01-MAY-20   NONE
TITLE     NULL                                                        
COMPND    NULL                                                        
SOURCE    NULL                                                        
KEYWDS    NULL                                                        
EXPDTA    NULL                                                        
AUTHOR    Marvin                                                      
REVDAT   1   01-MAY-20         0                                  
HETATM    1  C   UNK     0       2.001  -0.385   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    2  C   UNK     0       0.667  -1.155   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    3  C   UNK     0      -0.667  -0.385   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    4  O   UNK     0      -2.000  -1.155   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM    5  O   UNK     0      -0.667   1.155   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
CONECT    1    2                                                            
CONECT    2    1    3                                                       
CONECT    3    2    4    5                                                  
CONECT    4    3                                                            
CONECT    5    3                                                            
MASTER        0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    5    0    8    0
END
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3D PDB for HMDB0000237 (Propionic acid)

COMPND    HMDB0000237
HETATM    1  C1  UNL     1      -1.206   0.442   0.152  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    2  C2  UNL     1      -0.164  -0.430  -0.550  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    3  C3  UNL     1       0.979  -0.516   0.415  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    4  O1  UNL     1       1.192  -1.575   1.013  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM    5  O2  UNL     1       1.743   0.631   0.577  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM    6  H1  UNL     1      -1.920  -0.262   0.597  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM    7  H2  UNL     1      -1.641   1.076  -0.614  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM    8  H3  UNL     1      -0.761   1.066   0.928  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM    9  H4  UNL     1      -0.558  -1.443  -0.768  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   10  H5  UNL     1       0.130  -0.006  -1.528  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   11  H6  UNL     1       2.206   1.016  -0.221  1.00  0.00           H  
CONECT    1    2    6    7    8
CONECT    2    3    9   10
CONECT    3    4    4    5
CONECT    5   11
END
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SMILES for HMDB0000237 (Propionic acid)

CCC(O)=O
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INCHI for HMDB0000237 (Propionic acid)

InChI=1S/C3H6O2/c1-2-3(4)5/h2H2,1H3,(H,4,5)
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View in JSmolView Stereo Labels
Synonyms
ValueSource
Acide propanoiqueChEBI
Acide propioniqueChEBI
CarboxyethaneChEBI
CH3-CH2-COOHChEBI
Ethanecarboxylic acidChEBI
Ethylformic acidChEBI
Metacetonic acidChEBI
Methylacetic acidChEBI
PAChEBI
Propanoic acidChEBI
Propioic acidChEBI
PropionsaeureChEBI
Propoic acidChEBI
Pseudoacetic acidChEBI
PropionateKegg
EthanecarboxylateGenerator
EthylformateGenerator
MetacetonateGenerator
MethylacetateGenerator
PropanoateGenerator
PropioateGenerator
PropoateGenerator
PseudoacetateGenerator
AdofeedHMDB
Antischim bHMDB
LuprosilHMDB
MonoPropHMDB
PropanateHMDB
PropcornHMDB
PropkornHMDB
ProzoinHMDB
Toxi-checkHMDB
Propionic acid, zinc saltHMDB
Potassium propionateHMDB
Chromium propionateHMDB
Lithium propanoateHMDB
Zinc propionateHMDB
Chemical FormulaC3H6O2
Average Molecular Weight74.0785
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight74.036779436
IUPAC Namepropanoic acid
Traditional Namepropanoic acid
CAS Registry Number79-09-4
SMILES
CCC(O)=O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C3H6O2/c1-2-3(4)5/h2H2,1H3,(H,4,5)
InChI KeyXBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carboxylic acids. Carboxylic acids are compounds containing a carboxylic acid group with the formula -C(=O)OH.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic acids and derivatives
ClassCarboxylic acids and derivatives
Sub ClassCarboxylic acids
Direct ParentCarboxylic acids
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effect
Organoleptic effect
Disposition
Source
Process
Naturally occurring process
Role
Industrial applicationBiological role
Physical Properties
StateLiquid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point-20.7 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility1000 mg/mLNot Available
LogP0.33HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility352 g/LALOGPS
logP0.31ALOGPS
logP0.48ChemAxon
logS0.68ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)4.75ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area37.3 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count1ChemAxon
Refractivity17.27 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability7.24 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DarkChem[M+H]+113.14931661259
DarkChem[M-H]-106.49231661259
AllCCS[M+H]+122.20832859911
AllCCS[M-H]-131.07432859911
DeepCCS[M+H]+129.2130932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-126.45630932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-163.01830932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+137.42430932474
AllCCS[M+H]+122.232859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+117.732859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+126.432859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+127.732859911
AllCCS[M-H]-131.132859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-136.732859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-142.832859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Propionic acidCCC(O)=O1466.3Standard polar33892256
Propionic acidCCC(O)=O667.2Standard non polar33892256
Propionic acidCCC(O)=O709.5Semi standard non polar33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / StructureSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Propionic acid,1TMS,isomer #1CCC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C781.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Propionic acid,1TBDMS,isomer #1CCC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C998.8Semi standard non polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Propionic acid EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-004i-9000000000-51f674be972a6c17185b2017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Propionic acid EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-004i-9000000000-691dcd080b30c98983502017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Propionic acid EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-004i-9000000000-51f674be972a6c17185b2018-05-18HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Propionic acid EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-004i-9000000000-691dcd080b30c98983502018-05-18HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Propionic acid GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-00b9-9000000000-abf322c73e6badb078bf2016-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Propionic acid GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-00fr-9100000000-cbfe9e32208652e700472017-10-06Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Propionic acid GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Propionic acid GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Propionic acid GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
MSMass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)splash10-00b9-9000000000-0bb3297c4159bed2316e2014-09-20Not AvailableView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Propionic acid Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated)splash10-004i-9000000000-1af60fc458a7f351a9b02012-07-24HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Propionic acid Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated)splash10-004i-9000000000-aa6e765fc867ac8be6412012-07-24HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Propionic acid Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated)splash10-0006-9000000000-27e0b790e192d13044492012-07-24HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Propionic acid EI-B (HITACHI RMU-6M) , Positive-QTOFsplash10-004i-9000000000-51f674be972a6c17185b2012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Propionic acid EI-B (HITACHI M-80B) , Positive-QTOFsplash10-004i-9000000000-90d9e0181596093a2f852012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Propionic acid LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-00di-9000000000-bdd7baa3d1bda886fb772012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Propionic acid LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-00di-9000000000-e73379c8765802cf32282012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Propionic acid LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-00di-9000000000-d6832c04c8b2ca0fdfa32012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Propionic acid LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-00di-9000000000-d0c93844dbfaed791bb02012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Propionic acid LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOFsplash10-00di-9000000000-bdd7baa3d1bda886fb772017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Propionic acid LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOFsplash10-00di-9000000000-e73379c8765802cf32282017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Propionic acid LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOFsplash10-00di-9000000000-d6832c04c8b2ca0fdfa32017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Propionic acid LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOFsplash10-00di-9000000000-d0c93844dbfaed791bb02017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Propionic acid 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-9000000000-47364fadf00a5a2b7e932015-05-27Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Propionic acid 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a6r-9000000000-76fad523c005a65102642015-05-27Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Propionic acid 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a6r-9000000000-a1c0234da57ff32c6e122015-05-27Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Propionic acid 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-9000000000-47364fadf00a5a2b7e932015-05-27Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Propionic acid 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a6r-9000000000-76fad523c005a65102642015-05-27Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Propionic acid 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a6r-9000000000-a1c0234da57ff32c6e122015-05-27Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Propionic acid 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-00di-9000000000-db59da781a70634d25262015-05-27Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Propionic acid 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-05fr-9000000000-bea4ff21e6ab6c6644122015-05-27Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Propionic acid 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-9000000000-782832f8f5ab85f2ef4f2015-05-27Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Propionic acid 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-00di-9000000000-db59da781a70634d25262015-05-27Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Propionic acid 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-05fr-9000000000-bea4ff21e6ab6c6644122015-05-27Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Propionic acid 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-9000000000-782832f8f5ab85f2ef4f2015-05-27Wishart LabView Spectrum

NMR Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H2O, experimental)2012-12-04Wishart LabView Spectrum
Experimental 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, H2O, experimental)2021-10-10Wishart LabView Spectrum
Experimental 2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)2012-12-05Wishart LabView Spectrum

IR Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M-H]-)2023-02-03FELIX labView Spectrum
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+H]+)2023-02-03FELIX labView Spectrum
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+Na]+)2023-02-03FELIX labView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
  • Mitochondria
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  • Feces
  • Saliva
  • Urine
Tissue Locations
  • Adipose Tissue
  • Brain
  • Epidermis
  • Fibroblasts
  • Intestine
  • Neuron
  • Platelet
  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Testis
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified1.6 +/- 1.2 uMChildren (1-13 years old)BothNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
 details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.9 +/- 1.2 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
 details
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified2.8 +/- 3.2 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
FecesDetected and Quantified0-1304067.0820 nmol/g wet fecesChildren (1-13 years old)Not Specified
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedChildren (1-13 years old)BothNormal details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Not Specified
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected and Quantified12500 (4500-27800) nmol/g wet fecesAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedInfant (0-1 year old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected and Quantified11400 +/- 4740 nmol/g wet fecesAdult (>18 years old)Female
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
FecesDetected and Quantified5040-14400 nmol/g wet fecesAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNewborn (0-30 days old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified38 (1-264) uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified70 (9-1113) uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified76 (<1-632) uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
SalivaDetected and Quantified13 (<1-140) uMAdult (>18 years old)Female
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified1180 +/- 1270 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified335 0+/- 4430 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified2870 +/- 4090 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified1790 +/- 2570 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified1380 +/- 1820 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified1720 +/- 2020 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified1590 +/- 2430 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
    • Zerihun T. Dame, ...
 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified1-586 uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
normal		 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified1-100 uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
normal		 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified1412.24 +/- 1089.82 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal
    • Zerihun T. Dame, ...
 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified6420 (5920-6920) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified2.999 +/- 3.685 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1 - 13 years old)Not Specified
Normal
    • Analysis of 30 no...
 details
UrineDetected and Quantified2.96 +/- 2.76 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
 details
UrineDetected and Quantified14.0 (11.4-18.3) umol/mmol creatinineInfant (0-1 year old)BothNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
 details
UrineDetected and Quantified0-76 umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)Both
Normal		 details
UrineDetected and Quantified8.40 (3.04-13.01) umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)Both
Normal
    • Analysis of 40 NI...
 details
Abnormal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified7.500-119.700 uMChildren (1-13 years old)Both
Propionic acidemia		 details
BloodDetected and Quantified9.200-57.400 uMChildren (1-13 years old)Both
Methylmalonic acidaemia		 details
FecesDetected and Quantified0-725626.644 nmol/g wet fecesChildren (1-13 years old)Not Specified
Treated celiac disease		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Colorectal cancer		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Colorectal cancer		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedChildren (1-13 years old)BothAutism details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedChildren (1-13 years old)BothPervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Femaleankylosing spondylitis details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Femalerheumatoid arthritis details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothCrohns disease details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothUlcerative colitis details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedInfant (0-1 year old)Not SpecifiedGenetically At-Risk of celiac disease details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)FemaleMyalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Irritable bowel syndrome		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Ulcerative colitis		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedChildren (6 - <8 years old)Femalejuvenile idiopathic arthritis details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Crohn's disease		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Ulcerative colitis		 details
FecesDetected and Quantified0.00247 (0-0.00478) nmol/g wet fecesNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Crohns disease		 details
FecesDetected and Quantified0.000432 (0-0.00477) nmol/g wet fecesNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Ulcerative colitis		 details
FecesDetected and Quantified0.00108 (0-0.00409) nmol/g wet fecesNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Irritable bowel syndrome		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Colorectal cancer		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothColorectal Cancer details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothUlcerative colitis details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothCrohns disease details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothUlcerative colitis details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothImmunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) non progressor details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothImmunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) progressor details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothColorectal cancer details
UrineDetected and Quantified2.977 +/- 2.137 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1 - 13 years old)Not Specified
Eosinophilic esophagitis
    • Analysis of 30 no...
 details
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Propionic acidemia
  1. Thompson GN, Chalmers RA, Walter JH, Bresson JL, Lyonnet SL, Reed PJ, Saudubray JM, Leonard JV, Halliday D: The use of metronidazole in management of methylmalonic and propionic acidaemias. Eur J Pediatr. 1990 Aug;149(11):792-6. [PubMed:2226555 ]
Methylmalonic acidemia
  1. Thompson GN, Chalmers RA, Walter JH, Bresson JL, Lyonnet SL, Reed PJ, Saudubray JM, Leonard JV, Halliday D: The use of metronidazole in management of methylmalonic and propionic acidaemias. Eur J Pediatr. 1990 Aug;149(11):792-6. [PubMed:2226555 ]
Colorectal cancer
  1. Monleon D, Morales JM, Barrasa A, Lopez JA, Vazquez C, Celda B: Metabolite profiling of fecal water extracts from human colorectal cancer. NMR Biomed. 2009 Apr;22(3):342-8. doi: 10.1002/nbm.1345. [PubMed:19006102 ]
  2. Weir TL, Manter DK, Sheflin AM, Barnett BA, Heuberger AL, Ryan EP: Stool microbiome and metabolome differences between colorectal cancer patients and healthy adults. PLoS One. 2013 Aug 6;8(8):e70803. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070803. Print 2013. [PubMed:23940645 ]
  3. Lin Y, Ma C, Liu C, Wang Z, Yang J, Liu X, Shen Z, Wu R: NMR-based fecal metabolomics fingerprinting as predictors of earlier diagnosis in patients with colorectal cancer. Oncotarget. 2016 May 17;7(20):29454-64. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.8762. [PubMed:27107423 ]
  4. Wang X, Wang J, Rao B, Deng L: Gut flora profiling and fecal metabolite composition of colorectal cancer patients and healthy individuals. Exp Ther Med. 2017 Jun;13(6):2848-2854. doi: 10.3892/etm.2017.4367. Epub 2017 Apr 20. [PubMed:28587349 ]
Irritable bowel syndrome
  1. Le Gall G, Noor SO, Ridgway K, Scovell L, Jamieson C, Johnson IT, Colquhoun IJ, Kemsley EK, Narbad A: Metabolomics of fecal extracts detects altered metabolic activity of gut microbiota in ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. J Proteome Res. 2011 Sep 2;10(9):4208-18. doi: 10.1021/pr2003598. Epub 2011 Aug 8. [PubMed:21761941 ]
  2. Walton C, Fowler DP, Turner C, Jia W, Whitehead RN, Griffiths L, Dawson C, Waring RH, Ramsden DB, Cole JA, Cauchi M, Bessant C, Hunter JO: Analysis of volatile organic compounds of bacterial origin in chronic gastrointestinal diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Sep;19(10):2069-78. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0b013e31829a91f6. [PubMed:23867873 ]
Ulcerative colitis
  1. Le Gall G, Noor SO, Ridgway K, Scovell L, Jamieson C, Johnson IT, Colquhoun IJ, Kemsley EK, Narbad A: Metabolomics of fecal extracts detects altered metabolic activity of gut microbiota in ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. J Proteome Res. 2011 Sep 2;10(9):4208-18. doi: 10.1021/pr2003598. Epub 2011 Aug 8. [PubMed:21761941 ]
  2. Marchesi JR, Holmes E, Khan F, Kochhar S, Scanlan P, Shanahan F, Wilson ID, Wang Y: Rapid and noninvasive metabonomic characterization of inflammatory bowel disease. J Proteome Res. 2007 Feb;6(2):546-51. [PubMed:17269711 ]
  3. Walton C, Fowler DP, Turner C, Jia W, Whitehead RN, Griffiths L, Dawson C, Waring RH, Ramsden DB, Cole JA, Cauchi M, Bessant C, Hunter JO: Analysis of volatile organic compounds of bacterial origin in chronic gastrointestinal diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Sep;19(10):2069-78. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0b013e31829a91f6. [PubMed:23867873 ]
  4. Bjerrum JT, Wang Y, Hao F, Coskun M, Ludwig C, Gunther U, Nielsen OH: Metabonomics of human fecal extracts characterize ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and healthy individuals. Metabolomics. 2015;11:122-133. Epub 2014 Jun 1. [PubMed:25598765 ]
  5. Ahmed I, Greenwood R, Costello B, Ratcliffe N, Probert CS: Investigation of faecal volatile organic metabolites as novel diagnostic biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016 Mar;43(5):596-611. doi: 10.1111/apt.13522. Epub 2016 Jan 25. [PubMed:26806034 ]
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
  1. Raman M, Ahmed I, Gillevet PM, Probert CS, Ratcliffe NM, Smith S, Greenwood R, Sikaroodi M, Lam V, Crotty P, Bailey J, Myers RP, Rioux KP: Fecal microbiome and volatile organic compound metabolome in obese humans with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013 Jul;11(7):868-75.e1-3. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.02.015. Epub 2013 Feb 27. [PubMed:23454028 ]
Celiac disease
  1. Di Cagno R, De Angelis M, De Pasquale I, Ndagijimana M, Vernocchi P, Ricciuti P, Gagliardi F, Laghi L, Crecchio C, Guerzoni ME, Gobbetti M, Francavilla R: Duodenal and faecal microbiota of celiac children: molecular, phenotype and metabolome characterization. BMC Microbiol. 2011 Oct 4;11:219. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-219. [PubMed:21970810 ]
Crohn's disease
  1. Walton C, Fowler DP, Turner C, Jia W, Whitehead RN, Griffiths L, Dawson C, Waring RH, Ramsden DB, Cole JA, Cauchi M, Bessant C, Hunter JO: Analysis of volatile organic compounds of bacterial origin in chronic gastrointestinal diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Sep;19(10):2069-78. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0b013e31829a91f6. [PubMed:23867873 ]
  2. Bjerrum JT, Wang Y, Hao F, Coskun M, Ludwig C, Gunther U, Nielsen OH: Metabonomics of human fecal extracts characterize ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and healthy individuals. Metabolomics. 2015;11:122-133. Epub 2014 Jun 1. [PubMed:25598765 ]
  3. Ahmed I, Greenwood R, Costello B, Ratcliffe N, Probert CS: Investigation of faecal volatile organic metabolites as novel diagnostic biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016 Mar;43(5):596-611. doi: 10.1111/apt.13522. Epub 2016 Jan 25. [PubMed:26806034 ]
Autism
  1. De Angelis M, Piccolo M, Vannini L, Siragusa S, De Giacomo A, Serrazzanetti DI, Cristofori F, Guerzoni ME, Gobbetti M, Francavilla R: Fecal microbiota and metabolome of children with autism and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. PLoS One. 2013 Oct 9;8(10):e76993. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076993. eCollection 2013. [PubMed:24130822 ]
Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
  1. De Angelis M, Piccolo M, Vannini L, Siragusa S, De Giacomo A, Serrazzanetti DI, Cristofori F, Guerzoni ME, Gobbetti M, Francavilla R: Fecal microbiota and metabolome of children with autism and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. PLoS One. 2013 Oct 9;8(10):e76993. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076993. eCollection 2013. [PubMed:24130822 ]
Rheumatoid arthritis
  1. Tie-juan ShaoZhi-xing HeZhi-jun XieHai-chang LiMei-jiao WangCheng-ping Wen. Characterization of ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis using 1H NMR-based metabolomics of human fecal extracts. Metabolomics. April 2016, 12:70 [Link]
Eosinophilic esophagitis
  1. Slae, M., Huynh, H., Wishart, D.S. (2014). Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work). NA.
Associated OMIM IDs
DrugBank IDDB03766
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB031132
KNApSAcK IDC00044287
Chemspider ID1005
KEGG Compound IDC00163
BioCyc IDPROPIONATE
BiGG ID34098
Wikipedia LinkPropionic acid
METLIN ID3215
PubChem Compound1032
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID30768
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDPPA
MarkerDB IDMDB00000115
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceZhan, Jianghong; Meng, Wei; Gong, Tao; Huang, Fen-sheng. Preparation of propionic acid by propionaldehyde oxidation. Shihua Jishu Yu Yingyong (2005), 23(6), 421-423.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Download (PDF)
General References
  1. Chandler RJ, Aswani V, Tsai MS, Falk M, Wehrli N, Stabler S, Allen R, Sedensky M, Kazazian HH, Venditti CP: Propionyl-CoA and adenosylcobalamin metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans: evidence for a role of methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase in intermediary metabolism. Mol Genet Metab. 2006 Sep-Oct;89(1-2):64-73. Epub 2006 Jul 14. [PubMed:16843692 ]
  2. Silwood CJ, Lynch E, Claxson AW, Grootveld MC: 1H and (13)C NMR spectroscopic analysis of human saliva. J Dent Res. 2002 Jun;81(6):422-7. [PubMed:12097436 ]
  3. Somerma S, Lassus A, Salde L: Assessment of atrophy of human skin caused by corticosteroids using chamber occlusion and suction blister techniques. Acta Derm Venereol. 1984;64(1):41-5. [PubMed:6203280 ]
  4. Marala RB, Brown JA, Kong JX, Tracey WR, Knight DR, Wester RT, Sun D, Kennedy SP, Hamanaka ES, Ruggeri RB, Hill RJ: Zoniporide: a potent and highly selective inhibitor of human Na(+)/H(+) exchanger-1. Eur J Pharmacol. 2002 Sep 6;451(1):37-41. [PubMed:12223226 ]
  5. Lin SC, Bergles DE: Synaptic signaling between neurons and glia. Glia. 2004 Aug 15;47(3):290-8. [PubMed:15252819 ]
  6. Alekseev OM, Widgren EE, Richardson RT, O'Rand MG: Association of NASP with HSP90 in mouse spermatogenic cells: stimulation of ATPase activity and transport of linker histones into nuclei. J Biol Chem. 2005 Jan 28;280(4):2904-11. Epub 2004 Nov 8. [PubMed:15533935 ]
  7. Robertson MD, Bickerton AS, Dennis AL, Vidal H, Frayn KN: Insulin-sensitizing effects of dietary resistant starch and effects on skeletal muscle and adipose tissue metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Sep;82(3):559-67. [PubMed:16155268 ]
  8. Esposito BP, Faljoni-Alario A, de Menezes JF, de Brito HF, Najjar R: A circular dichroism and fluorescence quenching study of the interactions between rhodium(II) complexes and human serum albumin. J Inorg Biochem. 1999 May 30;75(1):55-61. [PubMed:10402677 ]
  9. Jeng JH, Chan CP, Ho YS, Lan WH, Hsieh CC, Chang MC: Effects of butyrate and propionate on the adhesion, growth, cell cycle kinetics, and protein synthesis of cultured human gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontol. 1999 Dec;70(12):1435-42. [PubMed:10632518 ]
  10. Christensen JK, Varming T, Ahring PK, Jorgensen TD, Nielsen EO: In vitro characterization of 5-carboxyl-2,4-di-benzamidobenzoic acid (NS3763), a noncompetitive antagonist of GLUK5 receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Jun;309(3):1003-10. Epub 2004 Feb 25. [PubMed:14985418 ]
  11. Bintvihok A, Kositcharoenkul S: Effect of dietary calcium propionate on performance, hepatic enzyme activities and aflatoxin residues in broilers fed a diet containing low levels of aflatoxin B1. Toxicon. 2006 Jan;47(1):41-6. Epub 2005 Nov 18. [PubMed:16298407 ]
  12. Mayer B, Schumacher M, Brandstatter H, Wagner FS, Hermetter A: High-throughput fluorescence screening of antioxidative capacity in human serum. Anal Biochem. 2001 Oct 15;297(2):144-53. [PubMed:11673881 ]
  13. De Kanter R, De Jager MH, Draaisma AL, Jurva JU, Olinga P, Meijer DK, Groothuis GM: Drug-metabolizing activity of human and rat liver, lung, kidney and intestine slices. Xenobiotica. 2002 May;32(5):349-62. [PubMed:12065058 ]
  14. Ridge BD, Batt MD, Palmer HE, Jarrett A: The dansyl chloride technique for stratum corneum renewal as an indicator of changes in epidermal mitotic activity following topical treatment. Br J Dermatol. 1988 Feb;118(2):167-74. [PubMed:3348963 ]
  15. Koeppe RA, Frey KA, Snyder SE, Meyer P, Kilbourn MR, Kuhl DE: Kinetic modeling of N-[11C]methylpiperidin-4-yl propionate: alternatives for analysis of an irreversible positron emission tomography trace for measurement of acetylcholinesterase activity in human brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1999 Oct;19(10):1150-63. [PubMed:10532640 ]
  16. Nguyen TB, Snyder SE, Kilbourn MR: Syntheses of carbon-11 labeled piperidine esters as potential in vivo substrates for acetylcholinesterase. Nucl Med Biol. 1998 Nov;25(8):761-8. [PubMed:9863564 ]
  17. Wendel U, Zass R, Leupold D: Contribution of odd-numbered fatty acid oxidation to propionate production in neonates with methylmalonic and propionic acidaemias. Eur J Pediatr. 1993 Dec;152(12):1021-3. [PubMed:8131803 ]
  18. Beutler KT, Pankewycz O, Brautigan DL: Equivalent uptake of organic and inorganic zinc by monkey kidney fibroblasts, human intestinal epithelial cells, or perfused mouse intestine. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1998 Jan;61(1):19-31. [PubMed:9498328 ]
  19. Harrison PT: Propionic acid and the phenomenon of rodent forestomach tumorigenesis: a review. Food Chem Toxicol. 1992 Apr;30(4):333-40. [PubMed:1628870 ]
  20. de Baulny HO, Benoist JF, Rigal O, Touati G, Rabier D, Saudubray JM: Methylmalonic and propionic acidaemias: management and outcome. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2005;28(3):415-23. [PubMed:15868474 ]
  21. Dionisi-Vici C, Deodato F, Roschinger W, Rhead W, Wilcken B: 'Classical' organic acidurias, propionic aciduria, methylmalonic aciduria and isovaleric aciduria: long-term outcome and effects of expanded newborn screening using tandem mass spectrometry. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2006 Apr-Jun;29(2-3):383-9. [PubMed:16763906 ]

Enzymes

Enzyme Details
1. Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase, cytoplasmic
General function:
Involved in acetate-CoA ligase activity
Specific function:
Activates acetate so that it can be used for lipid synthesis or for energy generation.
Gene Name:
ACSS2
Uniprot ID:
Q9NR19
Molecular weight:
78579.11
Reactions
Adenosine triphosphate + Propionic acid → Pyrophosphate + Propinol adenylatedetails
Enzyme Details
2. Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase 2-like, mitochondrial
General function:
Involved in acetate-CoA ligase activity
Specific function:
Important for maintaining normal body temperature during fasting and for energy homeostasis. Essential for energy expenditure under ketogenic conditions (By similarity). Converts acetate to acetyl-CoA so that it can be used for oxidation through the tricarboxylic cycle to produce ATP and CO(2).
Gene Name:
ACSS1
Uniprot ID:
Q9NUB1
Molecular weight:
74625.88
Reactions
Adenosine triphosphate + Propionic acid → Pyrophosphate + Propinol adenylatedetails
Enzyme Details
3. Gephyrin
General function:
Involved in Mo-molybdopterin cofactor biosynthetic process
Specific function:
Microtubule-associated protein involved in membrane protein-cytoskeleton interactions. It is thought to anchor the inhibitory glycine receptor (GLYR) to subsynaptic microtubules (By similarity). Catalyzes two steps in the biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactor. In the first step, molybdopterin is adenylated. Subsequently, molybdate is inserted into adenylated molybdopterin and AMP is released.
Gene Name:
GPHN
Uniprot ID:
Q9NQX3
Molecular weight:
79747.635
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
  3. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [PubMed:10592235 ]
Enzyme Details
4. ACSS2 protein
General function:
Involved in acetate-CoA ligase activity
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
ACSS2
Uniprot ID:
Q96FY7
Molecular weight:
59346.4
Enzyme Details
5. Acyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 3, mitochondrial
General function:
Not Available
Specific function:
Activates acetate so that it can be used for lipid synthesis or for energy generation (By similarity).
Gene Name:
ACSS3
Uniprot ID:
Q9H6R3
Molecular weight:
74777.655
Reactions
Adenosine triphosphate + Propionic acid → Pyrophosphate + Propinol adenylatedetails