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Showing metabocard for Betaine (HMDB0000043)

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enzymes (5) Show 5 proteins
Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
Update Date2023-05-30 20:55:59 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0000043
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB00043
  • HMDB0059606
  • HMDB59606
Metabolite Identification
Common NameBetaine
DescriptionBetaine (CAS: 107-43-7), also known as N,N,N-trimethylglycine, was named after its discovery in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) in the 19th century. It is a small N-trimethylated amino acid, existing in zwitterionic form at neutral pH. It is now often called glycine betaine to distinguish it from other betaines that are widely distributed in microorganisms, plants, and animals. Many naturally occurring betaines serve as organic osmolytes, substances synthesized or taken up from the environment by cells for protection against osmotic stress, drought, high salinity, or high temperature. Intracellular accumulation of betaines permits water retention in cells, thus protecting from the effects of dehydration (Wikipedia). Betaine functions as a methyl donor in that it carries and donates methyl functional groups to facilitate necessary chemical processes. In particular, it methylates homocysteine to methionine, also producing N,N-dimethylglycine. The donation of methyl groups is important to proper liver function, cellular replication, and detoxification reactions. Betaine also plays a role in the manufacture of carnitine and serves to protect the kidneys from damage. Betaine comes from either the diet or by the oxidation of choline. Betaine insufficiency is associated with metabolic syndrome, lipid disorders, and diabetes, and may have a role in vascular and other diseases (PMID: 20346934 ). Betaine is important in development, from the pre-implantation embryo to infancy. Betaine is also widely regarded as an anti-oxidant. Betaine has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on NO release in activated microglial cells and may be an effective therapeutic component to control neurological disorders (PMID: 22801281 ). As a drug, betaine hydrochloride has been used as a source of hydrochloric acid in the treatment of hypochlorhydria. Betaine has also been used in the treatment of liver disorders, for hyperkalemia, for homocystinuria, and for gastrointestinal disturbances (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th Ed, p1341).
Structure
Data?1676999668
MOL3D MOLSDF3D SDFPDB3D PDBSMILESInChI

MOL for HMDB0000043 (Betaine)


  Mrv1652307172023112D          

  8  7  0  0  0  0            999 V2000
    1.4289    0.4125    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.7145    0.0000    0.0000 N   0  3  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.0000    0.4125    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.4289   -0.4125    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.1270    0.7145    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.3020   -0.7145    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.7145    0.0000    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.7145   -0.8250    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  2  3  1  0  0  0  0
  2  4  1  0  0  0  0
  2  5  1  0  0  0  0
  2  6  1  0  0  0  0
  3  7  1  0  0  0  0
  1  7  1  0  0  0  0
  7  8  2  0  0  0  0
M  CHG  1   2   1
M  END
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3D MOL for HMDB0000043 (Betaine)

HMDB0000043
     RDKit          3D
Betaine
 20 19  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
   -0.2244   -1.4792   -0.2780 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.5044   -0.0854   -0.0967 N   0  0  0  0  0  4  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.6546    0.2771   -0.9164 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.8093    0.2771    1.2608 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.6740    0.6588   -0.5388 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.8508    0.2029    0.2180 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.8189   -0.6824    1.0948 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.0763    0.7946   -0.0598 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.6830   -1.6593   -0.9030 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.1175   -1.9448    0.7426 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.0689   -1.9751   -0.8373 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.5369   -0.2407   -0.4461 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.7976    1.3738   -0.9660 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.5756   -0.1447   -1.9394 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.5625    1.1142    1.2542 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.0409    0.6391    1.8418 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.3018   -0.5480    1.8262 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.8663    0.4025   -1.6188 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.5129    1.7512   -0.5042 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.6302    1.2684    0.6373 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  1  0
  2  3  1  0
  2  4  1  0
  2  5  1  0
  5  6  1  0
  6  7  2  0
  6  8  1  0
  1  9  1  0
  1 10  1  0
  1 11  1  0
  3 12  1  0
  3 13  1  0
  3 14  1  0
  4 15  1  0
  4 16  1  0
  4 17  1  0
  5 18  1  0
  5 19  1  0
  8 20  1  0
M  CHG  1   2   1
M  END
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3D SDF for HMDB0000043 (Betaine)


  Mrv1652307172023112D          

  8  7  0  0  0  0            999 V2000
    1.4289    0.4125    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.7145    0.0000    0.0000 N   0  3  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.0000    0.4125    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.4289   -0.4125    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.1270    0.7145    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.3020   -0.7145    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.7145    0.0000    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.7145   -0.8250    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  2  3  1  0  0  0  0
  2  4  1  0  0  0  0
  2  5  1  0  0  0  0
  2  6  1  0  0  0  0
  3  7  1  0  0  0  0
  1  7  1  0  0  0  0
  7  8  2  0  0  0  0
M  CHG  1   2   1
M  END
> <DATABASE_ID>
HMDB0000043

> <DATABASE_NAME>
hmdb

> <SMILES>
C[N+](C)(C)CC(O)=O

> <INCHI_IDENTIFIER>
InChI=1S/C5H11NO2/c1-6(2,3)4-5(7)8/h4H2,1-3H3/p+1

> <INCHI_KEY>
KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-O

> <FORMULA>
C5H12NO2

> <MOLECULAR_WEIGHT>
118.1543

> <EXACT_MASS>
118.086803633

> <JCHEM_ACCEPTOR_COUNT>
2

> <JCHEM_ATOM_COUNT>
20

> <JCHEM_AVERAGE_POLARIZABILITY>
12.522298635930067

> <JCHEM_BIOAVAILABILITY>
1

> <JCHEM_DONOR_COUNT>
1

> <JCHEM_FORMAL_CHARGE>
1

> <JCHEM_GHOSE_FILTER>
0

> <JCHEM_IUPAC>
(carboxymethyl)trimethylazanium

> <ALOGPS_LOGP>
-2.12

> <JCHEM_LOGP>
-4.494183842471745

> <ALOGPS_LOGS>
-1.94

> <JCHEM_MDDR_LIKE_RULE>
0

> <JCHEM_NUMBER_OF_RINGS>
0

> <JCHEM_PHYSIOLOGICAL_CHARGE>
0

> <JCHEM_PKA_STRONGEST_ACIDIC>
2.2595637800263866

> <JCHEM_POLAR_SURFACE_AREA>
37.3

> <JCHEM_REFRACTIVITY>
41.9863

> <JCHEM_ROTATABLE_BOND_COUNT>
2

> <JCHEM_RULE_OF_FIVE>
1

> <ALOGPS_SOLUBILITY>
1.75e+00 g/l

> <JCHEM_TRADITIONAL_IUPAC>
trimethyl glycine

> <JCHEM_VEBER_RULE>
1

$$$$
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3D-SDF for HMDB0000043 (Betaine)

HMDB0000043
     RDKit          3D
Betaine
 20 19  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
   -0.2244   -1.4792   -0.2780 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.5044   -0.0854   -0.0967 N   0  0  0  0  0  4  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.6546    0.2771   -0.9164 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.8093    0.2771    1.2608 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.6740    0.6588   -0.5388 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.8508    0.2029    0.2180 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.8189   -0.6824    1.0948 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.0763    0.7946   -0.0598 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.6830   -1.6593   -0.9030 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.1175   -1.9448    0.7426 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.0689   -1.9751   -0.8373 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.5369   -0.2407   -0.4461 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.7976    1.3738   -0.9660 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.5756   -0.1447   -1.9394 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.5625    1.1142    1.2542 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.0409    0.6391    1.8418 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.3018   -0.5480    1.8262 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.8663    0.4025   -1.6188 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.5129    1.7512   -0.5042 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.6302    1.2684    0.6373 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  1  0
  2  3  1  0
  2  4  1  0
  2  5  1  0
  5  6  1  0
  6  7  2  0
  6  8  1  0
  1  9  1  0
  1 10  1  0
  1 11  1  0
  3 12  1  0
  3 13  1  0
  3 14  1  0
  4 15  1  0
  4 16  1  0
  4 17  1  0
  5 18  1  0
  5 19  1  0
  8 20  1  0
M  CHG  1   2   1
M  END
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PDB for HMDB0000043 (Betaine)

HEADER    PROTEIN                                 17-JUL-20   NONE
TITLE     NULL                                                        
COMPND    NULL                                                        
SOURCE    NULL                                                        
KEYWDS    NULL                                                        
EXPDTA    NULL                                                        
AUTHOR    Marvin                                                      
REVDAT   1   17-JUL-20         0                                  
HETATM    1  O   UNK     0       2.667   0.770   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM    2  N   UNK     0      -1.334   0.000   0.000  0.00  0.00           N+1
HETATM    3  C   UNK     0       0.000   0.770   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    4  C   UNK     0      -2.667  -0.770   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    5  C   UNK     0      -2.104   1.334   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    6  C   UNK     0      -0.564  -1.334   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    7  C   UNK     0       1.334   0.000   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    8  O   UNK     0       1.334  -1.540   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
CONECT    1    7                                                            
CONECT    2    3    4    5    6                                             
CONECT    3    2    7                                                       
CONECT    4    2                                                            
CONECT    5    2                                                            
CONECT    6    2                                                            
CONECT    7    3    1    8                                                  
CONECT    8    7                                                            
MASTER        0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    8    0   14    0
END
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3D PDB for HMDB0000043 (Betaine)

COMPND    HMDB0000043
HETATM    1  C1  UNL     1      -0.224  -1.479  -0.278  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    2  N1  UNL     1      -0.504  -0.085  -0.097  1.00  0.00           N1+
HETATM    3  C2  UNL     1      -1.655   0.277  -0.916  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    4  C3  UNL     1      -0.809   0.277   1.261  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    5  C4  UNL     1       0.674   0.659  -0.539  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    6  C5  UNL     1       1.851   0.203   0.218  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    7  O1  UNL     1       1.819  -0.682   1.095  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM    8  O2  UNL     1       3.076   0.795  -0.060  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM    9  H1  UNL     1       0.683  -1.659  -0.903  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   10  H2  UNL     1      -0.118  -1.945   0.743  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   11  H3  UNL     1      -1.069  -1.975  -0.837  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   12  H4  UNL     1      -2.537  -0.241  -0.446  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   13  H5  UNL     1      -1.798   1.374  -0.966  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   14  H6  UNL     1      -1.576  -0.145  -1.939  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   15  H7  UNL     1      -1.563   1.114   1.254  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   16  H8  UNL     1       0.041   0.639   1.842  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   17  H9  UNL     1      -1.302  -0.548   1.826  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   18  H10 UNL     1       0.866   0.402  -1.619  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   19  H11 UNL     1       0.513   1.751  -0.504  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   20  H12 UNL     1       3.630   1.268   0.637  1.00  0.00           H  
CONECT    1    2    9   10   11
CONECT    2    3    4    5
CONECT    3   12   13   14
CONECT    4   15   16   17
CONECT    5    6   18   19
CONECT    6    7    7    8
CONECT    8   20
END
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SMILES for HMDB0000043 (Betaine)

C[N+](C)(C)CC(O)=O
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INCHI for HMDB0000043 (Betaine)

InChI=1S/C5H11NO2/c1-6(2,3)4-5(7)8/h4H2,1-3H3/p+1
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View in JSmolView Stereo Labels
Synonyms
ValueSource
TRIMETHYL glycineChEBI
Acidin pepsinMeSH
Acidin-pepsinMeSH
AcidinPepsinMeSH
BetaineMeSH
Betaine hydrochlorideMeSH
Betaine, glycineMeSH
C.B.B.MeSH
Citrate de bétaïne beaufourMeSH
Citrate de bétaïne upsaMeSH
CystadaneMeSH
Glycine betaineMeSH
HepastylMeSH
Hydrochloride, betaineMeSH
LycineMeSH
NovobetaineMeSH
OxyneurineMeSH
Scorbo bétaïneMeSH
Scorbo-bétaïneMeSH
ScorbobétaïneMeSH
Stea 16MeSH
Stea-16MeSH
Stea16MeSH
Trimethylammonioacetic acidGenerator, HMDB
Betaine orphan brandMeSH, HMDB
Byk brand OF betaine phosphateMeSH, HMDB
Fournier brand OF betaine ascorbate and hydrateMeSH, HMDB
Beaufour brand OF betaine citrateMeSH, HMDB
Boizot brand OF betaine aspartateMeSH, HMDB
Logeais brand OF betaine cyclobutyrateMeSH, HMDB
UPSA brand OF betaine citrateMeSH, HMDB
Orphan brand OF betaineMeSH, HMDB
N,N,N-TrimethylglycineHMDB
TrimethylaminoacetateHMDB
TrimethylammonioacetateHMDB
Chemical FormulaC5H12NO2
Average Molecular Weight118.1543
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight118.086803633
IUPAC Name(carboxymethyl)trimethylazanium
Traditional Nametrimethyl glycine
CAS Registry Number6915-17-9
SMILES
C[N+](C)(C)CC(O)=O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C5H11NO2/c1-6(2,3)4-5(7)8/h4H2,1-3H3/p+1
InChI KeyKWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-O
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon).
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic acids and derivatives
ClassCarboxylic acids and derivatives
Sub ClassAmino acids, peptides, and analogues
Direct ParentAlpha amino acids
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Alpha-amino acid
  • Quaternary ammonium salt
  • Tetraalkylammonium salt
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Organic oxide
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic salt
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Amine
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic cation
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effect
Health effectOrganoleptic effect
Disposition
Biological locationRoute of exposureSource
Process
Naturally occurring process
Role
Industrial applicationBiological role
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point293 - 301 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility611 mg/mL at 19 °CNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic Properties

Experimental Collision Cross Sections

Adduct TypeData SourceCCS Value (Å2)Reference
[M+H]+Baker121.630932474
[M+H]+MetCCS_train_pos121.35530932474
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility1.86 g/LALOGPS
logP-2.1ALOGPS
logP-4.5ChemAxon
logS-1.9ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)2.26ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area37.3 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count2ChemAxon
Refractivity41.99 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability12.52 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DarkChem[M+H]+125.41831661259
DarkChem[M+H]+125.41831661259
DarkChem[M-H]-119.55331661259
DarkChem[M-H]-119.55331661259
AllCCS[M+H]+123.57932859911
AllCCS[M-H]-136.28132859911
DeepCCS[M+H]+117.230932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-113.55230932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-150.30330932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+125.75830932474
AllCCS[M+H]+123.632859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+119.632859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+127.332859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+128.332859911
AllCCS[M-H]-136.332859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-139.032859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-141.932859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
BetaineC[N+](C)(C)CC(O)=O1860.9Standard polar33892256
BetaineC[N+](C)(C)CC(O)=O846.7Standard non polar33892256
BetaineC[N+](C)(C)CC(O)=O952.6Semi standard non polar33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / StructureSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Betaine,1TMS,isomer #1C[N+](C)(C)CC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C1043.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Betaine,1TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C[N+](C)(C)C1250.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Betaine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0a4l-9300000000-80cfd7f79f6513ad343d2017-08-28Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Betaine GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-00di-9400000000-bcbb10100105e3e315cc2017-10-06Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Betaine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Betaine GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
MSMass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)splash10-0a4l-9000000000-f32989f795eeceb8b6922020-07-17Not AvailableView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Betaine Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated)splash10-014i-0900000000-feacc600820771d2a77b2020-07-17HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Betaine Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated)splash10-0a4i-9000000000-e5bbda9fb669945760622020-07-17HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Betaine Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated)splash10-0a4i-9000000000-c382759eab7d0a87ac272020-07-17HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Betaine LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-014i-0900000000-a7beb42e6944181ae5d92020-07-17HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Betaine LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-014i-1900000000-77fbc4a2b76030d536442020-07-17HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Betaine LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-9100000000-2941e4997f202293bf712020-07-17HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Betaine LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-9000000000-9b9e3cecb77ed4b40b7c2020-07-17HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Betaine LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-9000000000-27bbb5f9642306216a0b2020-07-17HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Betaine LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Positive-QTOFsplash10-014i-1900000000-82a41cbb0f697910b5772020-07-17HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Betaine LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) 30V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0aor-9500000000-9a0f1853188052d798c62020-07-17HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Betaine LC-ESI-QQ , positive-QTOFsplash10-066r-5900000000-a6291f86046f32ad3c812020-07-17HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Betaine LC-ESI-QQ , positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-9200000000-709208d6782f1b5885012020-07-17HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Betaine LC-ESI-QQ , positive-QTOFsplash10-014i-0900000000-a7beb42e6944181ae5d92020-07-17HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Betaine LC-ESI-QQ , positive-QTOFsplash10-014i-1900000000-77fbc4a2b76030d536442020-07-17HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Betaine LC-ESI-QQ , positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-9100000000-2941e4997f202293bf712020-07-17HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Betaine LC-ESI-QQ , positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-9000000000-a2560fc2add75f79eadb2020-07-17HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Betaine LC-ESI-QQ , positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-9000000000-27bbb5f9642306216a0b2020-07-17HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Betaine LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-014i-0900000000-b45353825d98488d752a2020-07-17HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Betaine LC-ESI-IT , positive-QTOFsplash10-0aor-9500000000-3fdd9d17a169db5c58dd2020-07-17HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Betaine LC-ESI-QTOF , positive-QTOFsplash10-014i-1900000000-82a41cbb0f697910b5772020-07-17HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Betaine LC-ESI-QTOF , positive-QTOFsplash10-0aor-9500000000-9a0f1853188052d798c62020-07-17HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Betaine , positive-QTOFsplash10-014i-0900000000-fe34051d8d2d4fed6de52020-07-17HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Betaine 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-014i-1900000000-047aac93a67d6af67e642017-10-06Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Betaine 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-066r-6900000000-355a370c7a45c53e0d702017-10-06Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Betaine 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-05fr-9100000000-7a2182a46701caa71a502017-10-06Wishart LabView Spectrum

NMR Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H2O, experimental)2021-10-10Wishart LabView Spectrum
Experimental 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, H2O, experimental)2021-10-10Wishart LabView Spectrum
Experimental 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H2O, experimental)2021-10-10Wishart LabView Spectrum
Experimental 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H2O, experimental)2021-10-10Wishart LabView Spectrum
Experimental 2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)2020-07-17Wishart LabView Spectrum

IR Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+H]+)2023-02-03FELIX labView Spectrum
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+Na]+)2023-02-03FELIX labView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
  • Mitochondria
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Breast Milk
  • Feces
  • Saliva
  • Urine
Tissue Locations
  • Adipose Tissue
  • Adrenal Cortex
  • Adrenal Gland
  • Bladder
  • Epidermis
  • Fibroblasts
  • Intestine
  • Kidney
  • Liver
  • Ovary
  • Pancreas
  • Placenta
  • Platelet
  • Prostate
  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Spleen
  • Testis
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified26-67 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified20-285 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified33.6 (23.9-42.1) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified82.0 (20.0-144.0) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified56.99 +/- 15.35 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
BloodDetected and Quantified54.77(15.5) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified20.00-144.0 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified72 +/- 22.4 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
Breast MilkDetected and Quantified30.3 +/- 8.4 uMAdult (>18 years old)Female
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedChildren (6 - 18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
SalivaDetected and Quantified8.51 +/- 19.4 uMAdult (>18 years old)Female
Normal
    • Sugimoto et al. (...
 details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified12.78 +/- 6.66 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal
    • Zerihun T. Dame, ...
 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified3.17 +/- 2.68 uMAdult (>18 years old)Female
Normal
    • Sugimoto et al. (...
 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified10.59 +/- 10.82 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.00053 +/- 0.00049 umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)Both
Normal		 details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.37 (0.19-0.33) umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)Both
Normal		 details
UrineDetected and Quantified11.5 (2.7-24.7) umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
UrineDetected and Quantified4.14 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal
    • Shaykhutdinov RA,...
 details
UrineDetected and Quantified16.883 +/- 25.163 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1 - 13 years old)Not Specified
Normal
    • Analysis of 30 no...
 details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal		 details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal		 details
UrineDetected and Quantified74.09-410.3 umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified181.0 +/- 57.77 umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)FemaleNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified194.3 +/- 76.02 umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)MaleNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified398.69 (286.91-503.31) umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)Both
Normal
    • Analysis of 40 NI...
 details
UrineDetected and Quantified6.1 +/- 3.2 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified44-1200 umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)Both
Normal		 details
UrineDetected and Quantified4-80 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified49.6 (6.4-92.7) umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
Abnormal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified42.1 +/- 19.3 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothHeart Transplant details
BloodDetected and Quantified211 uMChildren (1-13 years old)MaleHypermethioninemia details
BloodDetected and Quantified129 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleDimethylglycinuria details
BloodDetected and Quantified32.5 (23.9-42.5) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothChronic renal failure details
BloodDetected and Quantified25.6 (23.4-36.6) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothContinuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) details
BloodDetected and Quantified31.9 (28.3-36.2) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothHemodialysis details
BloodDetected and Quantified26.51 +/- 11.92 uMAdult (>18 years old)Female
Pregnancy with fetuses with trisomy 18		 details
BloodDetected and Quantified25.27 +/- 10.03 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemalePregnancy details
BloodDetected and Quantified29.2 (6.9) uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleEarly preeclampsia details
BloodDetected and Quantified25.8 (8.8) uMAdult (>18 years old)FemalePregnancy details
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothColorectal cancer details
BloodDetected and Quantified43.00 +/- 12.34 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Schizophrenia		 details
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothPancreatic Cancer details
BloodDetected and Quantified21.99 (7.84) uMAdult (>18 years old)FemalePregnancy with fetus having congenital heart defect details
BloodDetected and Quantified20.05 (8.39) uMAdult (>18 years old)FemalePregnancy details
BloodDetected and Quantified33.3 (23.6) uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleLate-onset preeclampsia details
BloodDetected and Quantified62.92(17.18) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothHeart failure with preserved ejection fraction details
BloodDetected and Quantified21.6 (9.4) uMAdult (>18 years old)FemalePregnancy details
BloodDetected and Quantified70.68(28.54) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothHeart failure with reduced ejection fraction details
BloodDetected and Quantified25.4 (5.5) uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleDown syndrome pregnancy details
BloodDetected and Quantified27.0 (8.9) uMAdult (>18 years old)FemalePregnancy details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Colorectal cancer		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedChildren (6 - 18 years old)Not SpecifiedCrohns disease details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedChildren (6 - 18 years old)Not SpecifiedUlcerative colitis details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedChildren (6 - 18 years old)Not SpecifiedUnclassified IBD details
SalivaDetected and Quantified6.43 +/- 0.37 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleAlzheimer's disease details
SalivaDetected and Quantified14.04 +/- 14.30 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleFrontotemporal lobe dementia details
SalivaDetected and Quantified45.82 +/- 51.32 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothLewy body disease details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothOral cancer details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)FemaleBreast cancer details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedPancreatic cancer details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedPeriodontal diseases details
UrineDetected and Quantified6.0 (0.0-16.0) umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothLung cancer details
UrineDetected and Quantified22.23 +/- 24.604 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1 - 13 years old)Not Specified
Eosinophilic esophagitis
    • Analysis of 30 no...
 details
UrineDetected and Quantified51.2 +/- 7.6 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)Both3-Hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl-CoA lyase (HL) deficency details
UrineDetected and Quantified76.2 +/- 8 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)Both3-Hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl-CoA lyase (HL) deficency details
UrineDetected and Quantified210.1 +/- 16.4 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothArgininosuccinic aciduria (ASL) details
UrineDetected and Quantified20.1 +/- 4.7 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothPropionic acidemia details
UrineDetected and Quantified122 +/- 13.6 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothPropionic acidemia details
UrineDetected and Quantified8.5 +/- 0.4 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothPhenylketonuria details
UrineDetected and Quantified14.3 +/- 2.7 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothPhenylketonuria details
UrineDetected and Quantified14.2 +/- 0.9 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothMaple syrup urine disease details
UrineDetected and Quantified58 +/- 2.2 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothAminoaciduria details
UrineDetected and Quantified82-84 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)MaleDimethylglycinuria details
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Chronic renal failure
  1. McGregor DO, Dellow WJ, Lever M, George PM, Robson RA, Chambers ST: Dimethylglycine accumulates in uremia and predicts elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations. Kidney Int. 2001 Jun;59(6):2267-72. [PubMed:11380830 ]
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
  1. McGregor DO, Dellow WJ, Lever M, George PM, Robson RA, Chambers ST: Dimethylglycine accumulates in uremia and predicts elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations. Kidney Int. 2001 Jun;59(6):2267-72. [PubMed:11380830 ]
Hemodialysis
  1. McGregor DO, Dellow WJ, Lever M, George PM, Robson RA, Chambers ST: Dimethylglycine accumulates in uremia and predicts elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations. Kidney Int. 2001 Jun;59(6):2267-72. [PubMed:11380830 ]
Colorectal cancer
  1. Ni Y, Xie G, Jia W: Metabonomics of human colorectal cancer: new approaches for early diagnosis and biomarker discovery. J Proteome Res. 2014 Sep 5;13(9):3857-70. doi: 10.1021/pr500443c. Epub 2014 Aug 14. [PubMed:25105552 ]
  2. Goedert JJ, Sampson JN, Moore SC, Xiao Q, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Ahn J, Shi J, Sinha R: Fecal metabolomics: assay performance and association with colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014 Sep;35(9):2089-96. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgu131. Epub 2014 Jul 18. [PubMed:25037050 ]
Schizophrenia
  1. Koike S, Bundo M, Iwamoto K, Suga M, Kuwabara H, Ohashi Y, Shinoda K, Takano Y, Iwashiro N, Satomura Y, Nagai T, Natsubori T, Tada M, Yamasue H, Kasai K: A snapshot of plasma metabolites in first-episode schizophrenia: a capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry study. Transl Psychiatry. 2014 Apr 8;4:e379. doi: 10.1038/tp.2014.19. [PubMed:24713860 ]
Early preeclampsia
  1. Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomics and first-trimester prediction of early-onset preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012 Oct;25(10):1840-7. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2012.680254. Epub 2012 Apr 28. [PubMed:22494326 ]
Pregnancy
  1. Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomics and first-trimester prediction of early-onset preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012 Oct;25(10):1840-7. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2012.680254. Epub 2012 Apr 28. [PubMed:22494326 ]
  2. Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: First-trimester metabolomic detection of late-onset preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jan;208(1):58.e1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.11.003. Epub 2012 Nov 13. [PubMed:23159745 ]
  3. Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomic analysis for first-trimester Down syndrome prediction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 May;208(5):371.e1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.12.035. Epub 2013 Jan 8. [PubMed:23313728 ]
  4. Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Chelliah A, Mandal R, Dong E, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomic analysis for first-trimester trisomy 18 detection. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jul;209(1):65.e1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.03.028. Epub 2013 Mar 25. [PubMed:23535240 ]
  5. Bahado-Singh RO, Ertl R, Mandal R, Bjorndahl TC, Syngelaki A, Han B, Dong E, Liu PB, Alpay-Savasan Z, Wishart DS, Nicolaides KH: Metabolomic prediction of fetal congenital heart defect in the first trimester. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Sep;211(3):240.e1-240.e14. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.03.056. Epub 2014 Apr 1. [PubMed:24704061 ]
Late-onset preeclampsia
  1. Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: First-trimester metabolomic detection of late-onset preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jan;208(1):58.e1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.11.003. Epub 2012 Nov 13. [PubMed:23159745 ]
Hypermethioninemia
  1. Baric I, Fumic K, Glenn B, Cuk M, Schulze A, Finkelstein JD, James SJ, Mejaski-Bosnjak V, Pazanin L, Pogribny IP, Rados M, Sarnavka V, Scukanec-Spoljar M, Allen RH, Stabler S, Uzelac L, Vugrek O, Wagner C, Zeisel S, Mudd SH: S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase deficiency in a human: a genetic disorder of methionine metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Mar 23;101(12):4234-9. Epub 2004 Mar 15. [PubMed:15024124 ]
Crohn's disease
  1. Kolho KL, Pessia A, Jaakkola T, de Vos WM, Velagapudi V: Faecal and Serum Metabolomics in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 Mar 1;11(3):321-334. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw158. [PubMed:27609529 ]
Ulcerative colitis
  1. Kolho KL, Pessia A, Jaakkola T, de Vos WM, Velagapudi V: Faecal and Serum Metabolomics in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 Mar 1;11(3):321-334. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw158. [PubMed:27609529 ]
Perillyl alcohol administration for cancer treatment
  1. Sugimoto M, Wong DT, Hirayama A, Soga T, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry-based saliva metabolomics identified oral, breast and pancreatic cancer-specific profiles. Metabolomics. 2010 Mar;6(1):78-95. Epub 2009 Sep 10. [PubMed:20300169 ]
Pancreatic cancer
  1. Sugimoto M, Wong DT, Hirayama A, Soga T, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry-based saliva metabolomics identified oral, breast and pancreatic cancer-specific profiles. Metabolomics. 2010 Mar;6(1):78-95. Epub 2009 Sep 10. [PubMed:20300169 ]
  2. Xie G, Lu L, Qiu Y, Ni Q, Zhang W, Gao YT, Risch HA, Yu H, Jia W: Plasma metabolite biomarkers for the detection of pancreatic cancer. J Proteome Res. 2015 Feb 6;14(2):1195-202. doi: 10.1021/pr501135f. Epub 2014 Dec 8. [PubMed:25429707 ]
Periodontal disease
  1. Sugimoto M, Wong DT, Hirayama A, Soga T, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry-based saliva metabolomics identified oral, breast and pancreatic cancer-specific profiles. Metabolomics. 2010 Mar;6(1):78-95. Epub 2009 Sep 10. [PubMed:20300169 ]
Alzheimer's disease
  1. Tsuruoka M, Hara J, Hirayama A, Sugimoto M, Soga T, Shankle WR, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry-based metabolome analysis of serum and saliva from neurodegenerative dementia patients. Electrophoresis. 2013 Oct;34(19):2865-72. doi: 10.1002/elps.201300019. Epub 2013 Sep 6. [PubMed:23857558 ]
Frontotemporal dementia
  1. Tsuruoka M, Hara J, Hirayama A, Sugimoto M, Soga T, Shankle WR, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry-based metabolome analysis of serum and saliva from neurodegenerative dementia patients. Electrophoresis. 2013 Oct;34(19):2865-72. doi: 10.1002/elps.201300019. Epub 2013 Sep 6. [PubMed:23857558 ]
Lewy body disease
  1. Tsuruoka M, Hara J, Hirayama A, Sugimoto M, Soga T, Shankle WR, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry-based metabolome analysis of serum and saliva from neurodegenerative dementia patients. Electrophoresis. 2013 Oct;34(19):2865-72. doi: 10.1002/elps.201300019. Epub 2013 Sep 6. [PubMed:23857558 ]
Lung Cancer
  1. Wishart DS, Knox C, Guo AC, Eisner R, Young N, Gautam B, Hau DD, Psychogios N, Dong E, Bouatra S, Mandal R, Sinelnikov I, Xia J, Jia L, Cruz JA, Lim E, Sobsey CA, Shrivastava S, Huang P, Liu P, Fang L, Peng J, Fradette R, Cheng D, Tzur D, Clements M, Lewis A, De Souza A, Zuniga A, Dawe M, Xiong Y, Clive D, Greiner R, Nazyrova A, Shaykhutdinov R, Li L, Vogel HJ, Forsythe I: HMDB: a knowledgebase for the human metabolome. Nucleic Acids Res. 2009 Jan;37(Database issue):D603-10. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkn810. Epub 2008 Oct 25. [PubMed:18953024 ]
Argininosuccinic aciduria
  1. Gronwald W, Klein MS, Kaspar H, Fagerer SR, Nurnberger N, Dettmer K, Bertsch T, Oefner PJ: Urinary metabolite quantification employing 2D NMR spectroscopy. Anal Chem. 2008 Dec 1;80(23):9288-97. doi: 10.1021/ac801627c. [PubMed:19551947 ]
Propionic acidemia
  1. Gronwald W, Klein MS, Kaspar H, Fagerer SR, Nurnberger N, Dettmer K, Bertsch T, Oefner PJ: Urinary metabolite quantification employing 2D NMR spectroscopy. Anal Chem. 2008 Dec 1;80(23):9288-97. doi: 10.1021/ac801627c. [PubMed:19551947 ]
Phenylketonuria
  1. Gronwald W, Klein MS, Kaspar H, Fagerer SR, Nurnberger N, Dettmer K, Bertsch T, Oefner PJ: Urinary metabolite quantification employing 2D NMR spectroscopy. Anal Chem. 2008 Dec 1;80(23):9288-97. doi: 10.1021/ac801627c. [PubMed:19551947 ]
Maple syrup urine disease
  1. Gronwald W, Klein MS, Kaspar H, Fagerer SR, Nurnberger N, Dettmer K, Bertsch T, Oefner PJ: Urinary metabolite quantification employing 2D NMR spectroscopy. Anal Chem. 2008 Dec 1;80(23):9288-97. doi: 10.1021/ac801627c. [PubMed:19551947 ]
Eosinophilic esophagitis
  1. Slae, M., Huynh, H., Wishart, D.S. (2014). Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work). NA.
Dimethylglycine Dehydrogenase Deficiency
  1. Moolenaar SH, Poggi-Bach J, Engelke UF, Corstiaensen JM, Heerschap A, de Jong JG, Binzak BA, Vockley J, Wevers RA: Defect in dimethylglycine dehydrogenase, a new inborn error of metabolism: NMR spectroscopy study. Clin Chem. 1999 Apr;45(4):459-64. [PubMed:10102904 ]
Associated OMIM IDs
DrugBank IDDB04455
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID243
KEGG Compound IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkNot Available
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound248
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID41139
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDMDB00000022
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceMu, Yun; Guo, Xiao-hui. Improved process for preparation of betaine. Huaxue Yu Shengwu Gongcheng (2005), 22(7), 48-49.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Download (PDF)
General References
  1. Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07762. [PubMed:19212411 ]
  2. Surtees R, Bowron A, Leonard J: Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma total homocysteine and related metabolites in children with cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency: the effect of treatment. Pediatr Res. 1997 Nov;42(5):577-82. [PubMed:9357926 ]
  3. Holm PI, Ueland PM, Kvalheim G, Lien EA: Determination of choline, betaine, and dimethylglycine in plasma by a high-throughput method based on normal-phase chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chem. 2003 Feb;49(2):286-94. [PubMed:12560353 ]
  4. Knopman D, Patterson M: An open-label, 24-week pilot study of the methyl donor betaine in Alzheimer disease patients. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2001 Jul-Sep;15(3):162-5. [PubMed:11522934 ]
  5. Schwahn BC, Chen Z, Laryea MD, Wendel U, Lussier-Cacan S, Genest J Jr, Mar MH, Zeisel SH, Castro C, Garrow T, Rozen R: Homocysteine-betaine interactions in a murine model of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency. FASEB J. 2003 Mar;17(3):512-4. Epub 2003 Jan 22. [PubMed:12551843 ]
  6. Abdelmalek MF, Angulo P, Jorgensen RA, Sylvestre PB, Lindor KD: Betaine, a promising new agent for patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: results of a pilot study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001 Sep;96(9):2711-7. [PubMed:11569700 ]
  7. Abu Al-Soud W, Radstrom P: Effects of amplification facilitators on diagnostic PCR in the presence of blood, feces, and meat. J Clin Microbiol. 2000 Dec;38(12):4463-70. [PubMed:11101581 ]
  8. Sakamoto A, Ono H, Mizoguchi N, Sakura N: Betaine and homocysteine concentrations in infant formulae and breast milk. Pediatr Int. 2001 Dec;43(6):637-40. [PubMed:11737741 ]
  9. Schwab U, Torronen A, Toppinen L, Alfthan G, Saarinen M, Aro A, Uusitupa M: Betaine supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine concentrations but does not affect body weight, body composition, or resting energy expenditure in human subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Nov;76(5):961-7. [PubMed:12399266 ]
  10. Chambers ST, Kunin CM: Isolation of glycine betaine and proline betaine from human urine. Assessment of their role as osmoprotective agents for bacteria and the kidney. J Clin Invest. 1987 Mar;79(3):731-7. [PubMed:3546377 ]
  11. Laryea MD, Steinhagen F, Pawliczek S, Wendel U: Simple method for the routine determination of betaine and N,N-dimethylglycine in blood and urine. Clin Chem. 1998 Sep;44(9):1937-41. [PubMed:9732980 ]
  12. Chung YL, Rider LG, Bell JD, Summers RM, Zemel LS, Rennebohm RM, Passo MH, Hicks J, Miller FW, Scott DL: Muscle metabolites, detected in urine by proton spectroscopy, correlate with disease damage in juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Aug 15;53(4):565-70. [PubMed:16082628 ]
  13. Go EK, Jung KJ, Kim JY, Yu BP, Chung HY: Betaine suppresses proinflammatory signaling during aging: the involvement of nuclear factor-kappaB via nuclear factor-inducing kinase/IkappaB kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinases. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005 Oct;60(10):1252-64. [PubMed:16282556 ]
  14. Lever M, Slow S: The clinical significance of betaine, an osmolyte with a key role in methyl group metabolism. Clin Biochem. 2010 Jun;43(9):732-44. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.03.009. Epub 2010 Mar 25. [PubMed:20346934 ]
  15. Amiraslani B, Sabouni F, Abbasi S, Nazem H, Sabet M: Recognition of betaine as an inhibitor of lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in activated microglial cells. Iran Biomed J. 2012;16(2):84-9. [PubMed:22801281 ]
  16. Brunk E, Sahoo S, Zielinski DC, Altunkaya A, Drager A, Mih N, Gatto F, Nilsson A, Preciat Gonzalez GA, Aurich MK, Prlic A, Sastry A, Danielsdottir AD, Heinken A, Noronha A, Rose PW, Burley SK, Fleming RMT, Nielsen J, Thiele I, Palsson BO: Recon3D enables a three-dimensional view of gene variation in human metabolism. Nat Biotechnol. 2018 Mar;36(3):272-281. doi: 10.1038/nbt.4072. Epub 2018 Feb 19. [PubMed:29457794 ]
  17. Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043. [PubMed:32033212 ]

Enzymes

Enzyme Details
1. Choline dehydrogenase, mitochondrial
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH-OH group of donors
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
CHDH
Uniprot ID:
Q8NE62
Molecular weight:
65358.005
Enzyme Details
2. Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Multifunctional enzyme mediating important protective effects. Metabolizes betaine aldehyde to betaine, an important cellular osmolyte and methyl donor. Protects cells from oxidative stress by metabolizing a number of lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes. Involved in lysine catabolism.
Gene Name:
ALDH7A1
Uniprot ID:
P49419
Molecular weight:
58486.74
Reactions
Betaine aldehyde + NAD + Water → Betaine + NADHdetails
Betaine aldehyde + NAD + Water → Betaine + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
Betaine aldehyde + NADP + Water → Betaine + NADPH + Hydrogen Iondetails
Enzyme Details
3. Betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1
General function:
Involved in zinc ion binding
Specific function:
Involved in the regulation of homocysteine metabolism. Converts betaine and homocysteine to dimethylglycine and methionine, respectively. This reaction is also required for the irreversible oxidation of choline.
Gene Name:
BHMT
Uniprot ID:
Q93088
Molecular weight:
44998.205
Reactions
Betaine + Homocysteine → Dimethylglycine + L-Methioninedetails
Enzyme Details
4. Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter
General function:
Involved in gamma-aminobutyric acid:sodium symporter ac
Specific function:
Transports betaine and GABA. May have a role in regulation of GABAergic transmission in the brain through the reuptake of GABA into presynaptic terminals, as well as in osmotic regulation.
Gene Name:
SLC6A12
Uniprot ID:
P48065
Molecular weight:
69367.655
References
  1. Basham JC, Chabrerie A, Kempson SA: Hypertonic activation of the renal betaine/GABA transporter is microtubule dependent. Kidney Int. 2001 Jun;59(6):2182-91. [PubMed:11380820 ]
Enzyme Details
5. S-methylmethionine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase BHMT2
General function:
Involved in zinc ion binding
Specific function:
Involved in the regulation of homocysteine metabolism. Converts homocysteine to methionine using S-methylmethionine (SMM) as a methyl donor.
Gene Name:
BHMT2
Uniprot ID:
Q9H2M3
Molecular weight:
33166.69
Reactions
Betaine + Homocysteine → Dimethylglycine + L-Methioninedetails